IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


) 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notat  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checKed  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliura  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Instftut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  At6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiper  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  peiliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxai 
Pages  dAcolories,  tachetAes  ou  piqu<§e8 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materit 
Comprend  du  matiriei  suppl6mentalre 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I — I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


Tl 
to 


TS 

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of 
fil 


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bi 
th 

Si( 

ot 
fir 

Si( 

or 


T»i 
sh 
Tl 
wl 

Ml 
dil 
en 
be 
rig 
ret 
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Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuill7t  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmAes  a  nouvaau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

2ex 

30X 

"""^ 

"7 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  film*d  hara  has  baan  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  h^ra  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  iu  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  coptas  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  iiiustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  Ail 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  b'iginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustritad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iiiustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — •►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

IMaps.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  fn  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'examplaira  flimA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositA  da: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Las  images  sulvantas  ont  StS  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  film«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exempiaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlire  paga  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  solt  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autras  exempiaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUiVRE ',  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film«s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  d  partir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  mAthode. 


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t 

THE  BEEATH, 


AND  THE 


DISEASES  WHICH  GIVE  IT  A  FETID  ODOR. 


WITH  DIRECTIONS  FOR   TREATMENT. 


BY 


JOSEPH  W.  HOWE,  M.D., 

AUrnOB  OP  "emergencies;"  clinical  professor  of  SUROERY  m  the  MEDinAl. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  TOE  ITNIVERSITT  OF  NEW  YORK;   VISmNO  SuTgE^N 

TO  CHABITT  HOSPITAL;  FELLOW  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 

ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE,  ETC. 


NEW    YORK : 

D.   APPLETON    &    COMPANY, 

849  dc  651  BROADWAY. 

1874. 


A-i 


"'^'laiKta 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  CongrcBS,  in  the  year  1874, 
By  D.  APPLETON  &  CO., 
In  the  Office  cf  the  Librarian  of  Congrees,  at  WaBhington. 


^% 


PREFACE. 


Maeked  changes  in  the  breath  have  here- 
tofore received  little  consideration  from  the 
profession.  Our  medical  text-books  contain 
scarcely  an  allusion  to  their  existence.  I 
have  endeavored,  in  the  following  pages,  to 
give  a  succinct  account  of  the  diseased  condi- 
tions  in  which  a  fetid  breath  is  the  most  im- 
portant feature.  The  principal  facts  detailed 
concerning  the  production  of  the  offensive 
odors  are  the  i  asults  obtained  from  personal 
investigations,  conducted  both  in  private 
practice  and  in  our  city  hospitals. 

J.  W.  H. 

86  West  Twentt-poitrth  St.,  ) 
September  ISH.  J 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

pnrsiOLOOT  op  bkpaib,  decay,  and  bespieation. 

General  Considerations. — Sympathetic  Connections. — Clianges  in  the 
Food  during  the  Process  of  Digestion. — Destruction  and  Repair 
of  Tissue. — Compounds  resulting  from  Physiological  Decay  and 
Putrefaction. — Composition  of  Air  inhaled  and  exhaled. — Effects 
of  Medicinal  Substances  on  the  Breath. — Causes  of  Fetid 
Breath page  7 


,4' 


CHAPTER   n. 

FETID   ODOEB  FEOM  EMOTION,  ETC. 

General  Effects  of  Excessive  Emotion. — Cases  in  which  it  destroyed 
Life,  and  produced  Serious  Disorders. — Emotion  as  a  Cause  of 
Bad  Breath. — Class  of  Persons  most  subject  to  its  Influence. — 
Prevention.— Constipation,  its  Effects  on  the  Respired  Air  and 
Secretions. — Special  Deodoi'izers 21 


CHAPTER   ni. 

FETID  ODOEB  FEOM  DYSPEPSIA. 

Causes  of  Indigestion. — Symptoms. — ^How  Indigestion  affects  the  Air 
passing  from  the  Lungs. — Relation  to  Constipation. — ^Examples. 
— ^Various  Methods  of  Treatment. — Bad  Breath  from  Congenital 
Deficiency  of  the  Eliminating  Apparatus  of  the  Intestines      88 


6 


CONTENTS, 


CHAPTER  IV. 

FETID   ODOB8   FBOM   BAD   TEETH   AND   ULCERS   OF   THE   MOUTIT. 

Decayed  Teeth  aa  a  Cause  of  Bad  Breath. — Effects  of  Decomposing 
Food  in  the  Cavities  of  the  Toeth. — Causes  of  Decay. — Develop- 
ment of  a  Vegetable  Parasite  in  the  Mouth  from  Uncleaiili- 
ness. — Accumulation  of  Tartar  and  its  Chemical  Composi- 
tion.— Bad  Breath  from  Inflammations  and  Ulcerations  of  the 

Mouth PAQE  60 

CHAPTER  V. 

FETID   OD0K8   FROM  CATARRHAL  DISORDERS. 

Clergyman's  Sore-Throat  (Follicular  Pharyngitis). — Peculiarities  of 

-the    Inflammation. — Effects   of   Decomposing    Mucus  on   the 

Breath. — Complications. — Treatment. — Cancerous  Diseases  of 

the  Tongue  and  Pharynx. — Fetid  Odors  following  Diphtheritic 

Diseases  of  the  Throat,  etc .        6Y 

CHAPTER  VI. 

CATARRHAL   ODORS   (CONTINUED). 

Ozsena  depending  upon  Syphilis,  Scrofula,  Necrosis,  and  Caries  of 
the  Nasal  Bones,  and  Herpes. — Character  of  Fetid  Odors. —  Bad 
Breath  from  Ulceration  of  the  Larynx  and  Trachea. — Putrid 
Bronchitis. — Bronchiectasis,  etc. — Treatment .        .        .        "/S 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

FETID  ODORS   FROM  MINERAL  POISONS. 

Use  and  Abuse  of  Mercury. — Organs  which  eliminate  the  Drug. — 
Effects  on  the  Salivary  Glands.— Quantity  of  Drug  necessary 
to  produce  Salivation.  —  Mercurial  Fetor.  —  Remedies. — Bad 
Breath  from  Arsenic,  Lead,  Antimony,  Phosphorus,  etc. — 
Treatment 98 


THE    BREATH. 


CHAPTER  I. 


REPAIR   AND   DECAY — RESPIRATION". 


General  Considerations. — Sympathetic  Connections. — Clianges  in  the 
Food  during  the  Process  of  Digestion. — Destruction  and  Repair 
of  Tissue. — Compounds  resulting  from  Physiological  Decay  and 
Putrefaction. — Composition  of  Air  inhaled  and  exhaled, — Effects 
of  Medicinal  Substances  on  the  Breath. — Causes  of  Fetid  Breath. 

An  offensive  breath  is  a  functional  disor- 
der liable  to  occur  at  all  periods  of  life.  Men 
are  more  subject  to  it  tban  women.  It  is  a 
prominent  symptom  of  many  morbid  condi- 
tions. The  affection  derives  its  importance 
from  the  fact  that  it  is  a  constant  source  of 
misery  to  all  who,  by  force  of  circumstances, 
are  compelled  to  associate  with  the  unfortu- 
nate patient.  In  its  worst  forms  it  effectu- 
ally destroys  the  communion  of  friends,  and 


m 


8 


THE  BREATH, 


the  pleasures  of  social  intercourse.  Even 
the  harmony  of  the  home-circle  is  invaded  by 
a  feeling  of  repugnance,  which  the  best  of  us 
can  scarcely  control.  Yet  how  few  of  the 
afflicted  persons  detect  the  cause  of  their  iso- 
lation, or  recognize  tbe  barrier  which  effect- 
ually prevents  the  approach  of  those  near 
and  dear  to  them  1  With  the  best  intentions 
in  the  world,  we  rarely  whisper  a  word  of 
their  disorder  or  suggest  a  source  of  relief. 
This  false  kindness — this  demoralizing  weak- 
ness— is  universal. 

In  order  to  become  acquainted  with  the 
sources  of  the  fetor,  to  be  enabled  to  prevent 
as  well  as  to  remove  it,  we  must  investigate 
some  of  the  physiological  processes  mani- 
fested in  the  continual  working  of  the  animal 
organism.  In  a  work  like  this  such  investi- 
gation must  necessarily  be  limited.  Enough 
can  be  learned,  however,  to  give  a  proper 
understanding  of  the  disorder  in  its  various 
phases. 

Each  organ  has  characteristics  peculia"  to 
itself,  and,  though  each  process  is  di>li!ict, 


SYMPATnETIG  CONNECTIONS. 


t 


there  is  no  real  isolation,  for  a  multitude  of 
nervous  and  vascular  links  bring  all  parts  of 
the  mechanism  in  close  relationship.  From 
the  aggregation  resiilts  one  harmonious 
whole  —  a  microcosm  complete,  and  filled 
vrith  exceeding  beauty. 

The  nerves  constitute  a  telegraphic  sys- 
tem, through  which  the  most  delicate  impres- 
sion is  transmitted  from  one  part  to  another, 
with  almost  immeasurable  rapidity,  until  it 
is  registered  in  the  great  central  office  of  the 
brain.  The  net- work  of  blood-vessels  per- 
meating the  tissues  throughout  carries  a  con- 
stant stream  of  nutritive  material  to  every 
part,  neglecting  none,  and  delivering  its  ele- 
ments, according  to  the  special  needs  of  the 
organ  it  traverses.  Thus  the  brain  abstracts 
from  the  blood  the  peculiar  food  which  sus- 
tains the  nervous  ganglia  in  their  varied  func- 
tions. The  lungs  remove  from  it  carbonic 
acid,  which  has  arisen  from  the  molecular 
decay  of  tissue,  and  give  to  it  a  fresh  supply 
of  oxygen  for  sustaining  the  vital  forces. 
The  kidneys  take  away  the  excrementitioua 


{f.i 


m 


' 


10 


THE  BREATH. 


materials  which  constitute  the  urine.  The 
liver  receives  from  it  the  ingredients  of  the 
bile,  as  well  as  the  nitrogenized  substances, 
for  its  own  sustenance.  And  so  it  travels, 
giving  up  one  element  here  and  another 
there,  meeting  constantly  the  diversified  de- 
mands upon  it,  and  creating  a  unity  of  ac- 
tion which  makes  up  the  life  of  the  individ- 
ual. 

When  morbid  changes  arise  in  the  struct- 
ure or  in  the  functions  of  an  organ,  the  whole 
body  gives  evidence  of  the  pernicious  effects. 
If  the  blood  which  circulates  through  the 
encephalic  mass  is  deficient  in  nutritious 
elements,  or  poisoned  by  adventitious  sub- 
stances, the  outflow  or  generation  of  thought 
is  retarded,  and  the  mental  processes  gener- 
ally weakened.  We  wander  from  the  subject 
— we  forget.  Our  ideas  are  incoherent  and 
pointless.  There  is  a  general  feeling  of  de- 
pression, weariness,  and  anxiety.  On  the 
other  hand,  over-excitation  of  the  brain  over- 
drawing the  reservoirs  of  nerve-force,  weak- 
ens the  power  of  digestion  and  impairs  the 


EFFECTS  OF  MORBID  CHANGES. 


11 


quality  of  tlie  nutritious  elements  tnken  into 
the  system.  Consequently  the  blood  becomes 
impoverished,  and  in  its  turn  increases  and 
keeps  up  the  disorder  for  an  indefinite  period. 
Again,  when  the  heart  is  filled  with  the  de- 
praved blood,  or  when  its  nervous  force  is 
not  sufficient  to  sustain  its  vitality,  it  be- 
comes irregular  in  its  action  and  beats  with 
diminished  force.  The  distant  organs  which 
depend  upon  it  for  a  proper  amount  of  vital 
fluid  to  keep  them  in  working  order  are  en- 
feebled, and  fail  to  furnish  healthy  secretion. 
In  this  manner  the  morbid  action  is  commu- 
nicated to  the  whole  human  mechanism,  until 
every  fibre  feels  the  change. 

It  iy  mainly,  however,  to  a  disarrangement 
of  the  functions  of  digestion  and  assimilation 
that  we  must  look  for  the  origin  of  "bad 
breath."  The  starches,  sugars,  fats,  inorganic 
salts,  and  nitrogenized  bodies,  constitute  the 
different  elements  necessary  for  alimentation, 
or  for  the  support  of  life.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  these  are  the  albuminoid  bodies  which 
are  obtained  from  meat,  bread,  cheese,  etc. 


ffl 


12 


THE  BREATH, 


The  albuminoid  substances  contain  nitrogen, 
and  hence  are  known  as  nitrogenized  bodies. 
The  great  mass  of  muscular,  osseous,  nervous, 
and  vascular  tissues,  in  the  body,  is  made  of 
these  substances  in  varied  proportions.  In 
the  stomach,  the  fibrine  and  albumen  of  the 
meat,  the  gluten  of  the  bread,  the  casein  of 
the  cheese,  are  mixed  with  the  gastric  juice 
and  changed  into  a  substance  called  albumen- 
ose.  In  this  state  they  are  absorbed  by  the 
blood-vessels,  and  carried  by  the  blood,  to- 
gether with  other  portions  of  digested  food,  to 
the  different  tissues  which  they  nourish  and 
keep  alive.  With  the  process  of  supply  there 
is  also  one  of  waste.  Death  of  tissue  is  pro- 
ceeding with  a  rapidity  equal  to  the  amount 
of  repair.  Life  and  death  go  hand-in-hand. 
Absolute  death  is  essential  to  a  renewal  of 
life.  The  products  of  decay  or  "  destructive 
assimilation"  are  carried  off  by  the  kid- 
neys in  the  shape  of  urea,  creatine,  creati- 
nine; by  the  lungs  in  the  form  of  carbonic 
acid  and  water ;  by  the  bowels  in  the  forms 
of  excretine,  and  various  gases,  such  as  sul- 


PRODUCTS  OF  DECAY. 


13 


phu  retted,  carburetted,  and  pLosphuretted 
hydrogen.  Some  of  the  gases  are  manufact- 
ured in  the  intestinal  canal  by  the  decom- 
position of  undigested  food.  Sulphuretted 
hydrogen,  which  has  an  odor  resembling  rot- 
ten eggs,  is  found  in  greater  abundance  than 
the  oiher  compounds  of  hydrogen.  These 
gases  are  secreted  by  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  intestines ;  sometimes  they  are  thrown 
off  by  the  glandular  apparatus  in  the  skin. 
This  is  often  noticed  when  large  doses  of  sul- 
phur have  been  taken  internally.  In  some 
persons  the  quantity  of  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen passing  off  by  the  skin  is  sufficient  to 
stain  metallic  articles  carried  in  the  pockets. 
Outside  of  the  body  nitrogenized  substances 
undergo  decay  as  they  do  inside.  But  in  the 
latter  case  the  changes  are  so  gradual,  that 
we  usually  fail  to  notice  their  extreme  offen- 
siveness.  They  pass  through  similar  changes 
whether  decomposing  in  the  intestinal  canal 
— ^the  follicles  of  the  mucous  membrane — or 
in  cavities  of  the  teeth.  Coincident  with  the 
process  of  putrefaction,  fetid  gases  may  be 


m 


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IJ 


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'  ill' 


■:        M 


■ 


14 


THE  BREATU. 


secreted  by  the  secreting  apparatus  of  the 
intestines. 

The  air  we  take  into  the  lungs  with  each 
inspiration  is  composed  of  seventy-nine  parts 
of  nitrogen,  twenty-one  of  oxygen,  a  trace  of 
carbonic  acid  and  of  ammonia.  In  certain 
localities  adventitious  gases  are  added,  which 
render  it  exceedingly  unhealthy.  This  is  es- 
pecially true  of  parts  of  New  York,  where 
street-cleaning  has  become  one  of  the  "lost 
arts,"  and,  as  a  legitimate  consequence,  sewer 
and  garbage  effluvia  are  constant  elements  in 
the  respired  air. 

The  large  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the 
air  dilutes  the  oxygen,  so  as  to  divest  it 
of  all  irritating  qualities  and  make  it  re- 
spirable. 

With  each  inspiration  we  take  in  only 
twenty  cubic  inches  of  air.  This  passes 
with  each  act  as  far  as  the  first  bifurca- 
tion of  the  bronchial  tubes.  As  the  capaci- 
ty of  the  lungs  is  about  two  hundred  and  fifty 
cubic  inches,  it  is  therefore  seen  that  but  a 
small  portion  of  the  contents  of  the  lungs 


PHYSIOLOGY  OF  RESPIRATION. 


15 


is  changed  by  eacli  respiratory  movement. 
There  is,  however,  a  constant  interchange  or 
diffusion  of  gases,  by  which  the  heavier  oxy- 
genated air  is  carried  down  to  the  air-cells, 
and  the  lighter  carbonic  acid  carried  up.  The 
movement  is  assisted  by  the  ciliated  epithe- 
lium lining  the  walls.  These  cells  "play" 
from  below  upward,  thus  creating  a  current 
at  the  sides,  which  assists  the  passage  of  the 
expired  air  through  the  bronchial  tubes.  The 
oxygen  passes  through  the  walls  of  the  air- 
cells  into  the  capillary  ramifications  of  the 
pulmonary  veins,  and  is  carried  off  into  the 
general  circulation  to  the  tissues  in  every 
part  of  the  organism.  ,      • 

The  products  of  decay  or  retrograde  meta- 
morphosis eliminated  by  the  lungs,  as  before 
stated,  are  carbonic  acid  (composed  of  one 
atom  of  carbon  and  two  of  oxygen),  water 
(formed  of  one  equivalent  of  hydrogen  and 
oxygen  each,  and  a  trace  of  animal  matter). 
In  a  healthy  state,  when  every  organ  is  work- 
ing naturally,  there  is  no  unpleasant  odor 
from  the  expired  air;   but,  as  soon  as  the 


,11 


*  ii 


16 


THE  BREATE. 


machinery  gets  out  of  order — as  soon  as  ex- 
traneous materials  are  added — the  breath  is 
tainted.  We  may  illustrate  by  taking  the 
well-known  effects  of  various  volatile  sub- 
stances intruded  into  the  system.  Balsam- 
copaiba,  in  small  doses,  passes  off  by  the 
kidneys;  in  large  doses  the  lungs  assist  in 
its  elimination,  and  its  presence  is  then  readi- 
ly detected  in  the  breath.  Sandal- wood  oil 
will  affect  the  breath  in  thirty  minutes  from 
the  time  it  is  swallowed.  Turpentine  may 
be  noticed  in  from  thirty  minutes  to  an  hour. 
Sulphur  will  produce  a  very  marked  odor 
in  the  perspiration  and  expired  air  in  two 
hours.  The  characteristic  and  more  familiar 
odor  of  alcohol  is  easily  recognized  in  the 
breath  of  an  imbiber  in  ten  minutes.  These 
drugs  pass  off  through  the  lungs  when  or- 
dinary emunctories  are  overworked.  " 

Prof.  A.  L.  Loomis,  of  this  city,  has  at 
the  present  time  under  observation  an  in- 
teresting case  of  diabetes  melUtus.  The  pa- 
tient has  all  the  well-known  symptoms  of 
this  disease,  and,  in  addition,  a  breath  which 


EXCRETION  THROUGH  THE  LUFGS.       lY 


gives  off  a  well-marked  odor  of  sugar.  In 
diabetes,  there  is  a  greater  quantity  of  sugar 
manufactured  than  is  required  for  the  wants 
of  the  system.  The  surplus  is  thrown  off, 
generally,  by  the  kidneys.  It  is  an  exceed- 
ingly rare  occurrence  for  the  lungs  to  take 
part  in  getting  rid  of  the  sugar.  In  this 
case,  however,  there  was  probably  an  un- 
usual amount  made,  or  less  of  it  assimilated, 
than  usual;  therefore,  every  organ  capable 
of  excretion  was  compelled  to  assist  in  throw- 
ing it  off.  In  Bright's  disease  of  the  kid- 
neys, urea  is  retained  in  the  blood.  This 
substance  combines  with  the  water  in  the 
circulating  fluid  to  form  carbonate  of  am- 
monia. In  a  short  time  the  skin  and  the 
lungs  endeavor  to  get  rid  of  the  poison, 
and  then  we  can  discern,  in  the  perspira- 
tion and  in  the  expired  air,  the  character- 
istic odor  of  ammonia.  ■[-'_■-' 
;:  In  the  same  manner,  gaseous  results  of 
decaying  nitrogenized  tissue  may  be  carried 
off  when  the  other  gate-ways  are  closed.  A 
little  sulphur  in  excess,  combined  with  the 


in 


'm 


I 


1 


18 


THE  BREATE. 


1  I 


lii;  t 


! 


hydrogen  of  tlie  watery  vapor  going  off  dur- 
ing expiration,  forms  sulphuretted  hydrogen, 
and  causes  at  once  an  offensive  breath.  A 
simple  rearrangement  of  the  atoms  of  car- 
bon and  hydrogen  will  give  carburetted 
hydrogen  (CH2),  which  also  communicates 
to  the  breath  a  peculiar  and  disagreeable 
odor. 

These  facts  being  understood,  it  may  be 
stated,  as  a  general  proposition,  that  any 
morbid  condition  of  the  system  which  pre- 
vents the  elimination  of  metamorphosed  ni- 
trogenized  tissues  through  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  intestines,  or  retards  the  pas- 
sage of  the  decomposing  detritus  through 
the  bowels,  will  produce  a  fetid  breath. 
The  same  result  probably  follows  structural 
changes  in  the  kidneys.  Nature,  to  get  rid 
of  the  poisonous  accumulations,  to  maintain 
an  equilibrium,  must  throw  them  off  else- 
where, either  in  their  offensive  form  or  in 
modified,  non- offensive  combinations.  Or, 
where  the  waste  of  tissue  exceeds  the  re- 
pair, as  in  chronic,  debilitating  diseases  and 


CAUSES  OF  BAD  BREATH. 


19 


low  fevers,  the  eliminating  glands  are  unable 
to  do  the  work  imposed  upon  them,  and  vica- 
rious elimination  necessarily  follows.  Thus 
the  gaseous  products  of  the  stomach,  the  ex- 
halations from  the  skin,  become  more  or  less' 
poisoned  and  fetid  from  admixture  with  foul- 
smelling  gases.  The  bad  odor  in  the  respired 
air  is  more  noticeaJble  than  from  any  other 
part,  but  a  close  examination  of  the  patient 
will  show  that  the  skin  likewise  gives  off 
a  very  disagreeable  fetor. 

The  various  diseased  conditions  which 
prevent  the  intestinal  glands  from  eliminat 
ing  the  products  of  destructive  metamorpho- 
ses are  mental  emotions,  constipation,  indiges- 
tion, congenital  deficiency  in  the  eliminating 
glandular  system,  general  debility,  and  low 
forms  of  fevers.  The  local  causes  are  decayed 
teeth,  caries  of  the  nasal  or  maxillary  bones, 
ulceration  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the  nose, 
mouth,  pharynx,  layrnx,  ■'.rachea,  or  bron- 
chial tubes,  or  "  putrid  bronchitis."  Chronic 
poisoning  from  lead,  arsenic,  or  mercury,  may 
also  be  enumerated  as  a  common  cause  of 


ml' 

v\\ 


li 


if 


m 


20 


THE  BREATH. 


halitosis^  In  the  subsequent  chapters  these 
various  diseased  conditions  will  be  consid- 
ered, together  with  the  appropriate  treat- 
ment necessary  for  each. 

*  The  term  "  halitosis  "  signifies  diseased  breath.  It  is  de- 
rived from  the  Latin  halitus  (breath),  and  the  Greek  nosot 
(disease). — Haroard. 


■i; 


CHAPTER   II. 

FETID   BREATH   FROM   EMOTION,  ETC. 

General  Effects  of  Excessive  Emotion. — Cases  in  which  it  destroyed 
Life,  and  produced  Serious  Disorders. — Emotion  as  a  Cause  of 
Bad  Breath. — Class  of  Persons  most  subject  to  its  Influence. — 
Prevention. — Constipation,  its  Effects  on  the  Respired  Air  and 
Secretions. — Special  Deodorizers. 

The  influence  of  mental  emotion  on  the 
animal  economy  has  never  received  the  con- 
sideration which  its  importance  demands. 
Accustomed  to  regard  the  mind  as  some- 
thing apart  from  the  rest  of  the  human 
mechanism,  we  are  apt  to  overlook  it  when 
investigating  questions  of  animal  pathology ; 
and  we  constantly  underrate  its  power  over 
the  processes  of  growth  and  decay  going  on 
within  us.  It  is  the  tendency  of  the  times 
to  accept  only  what  we  can  see,  feel,  and 
weigh,  and  gauge  by  our  own  narrow,  in- 
finitesimal  conceptions  the  expansion  of  the 


% 
■  )i 

'I 


■H' 


m 

m 


n 


I 


22 


THE  BREATH. 


El! 


infinite.  We  separate  too  widely  mind  from 
matter,  and  consequently  come  short  of  a  cor- 
rect appreciation  of  morbid  physical  changes. 
This  is  not  the  place,  however,  for  the  illus- 
tration of  this  subject ;  nevertheless,  it  will 
be  necessary  for  illustration  to  give  a  few 
instances  of  the  effects  of  mental  emotions 
in  totally  changing  healthy  conditions,  and 
replacing  them  by  serious  and  even  fatal 
disorders. 

A  criminal,  who  had  been  condemned  to 
death  for  murder,  was  given  into  the  hands 
of  a  celebrated  French  surgeon.  He  was 
told  that  his  judges  had  decided  that  he 
should  be  bled  to  death  on  a  certain  hour 
the  following  day.  Wheli  the  appointed 
time  arrived  he  was  blindfolded  and  placed 
in  a  bed.  The  surgeon  then  made  a  small 
incision  through  the  skin,  which  did  not 
involve  any  of  the  blood-vessels.  One  of 
the  persons  interested  in  the  experiment 
placed  his  fingers  on  the  pulse,  another  held 
a  vessel  of  lukewarm  water  above  the  wound- 
ed arm  and  allowed  the  liquid  to  trickle  over 


», 


FEAR  AS  A   CAUSE  OF  DEATH. 


m 


i'l 


its  surface  and  drop  on  the  floor.  Meanwhile 
the  surgeon,  in  his  conversation  with  the  as- 
sistants, alluded  to  the  gradual  weakening 
of  the  pulse,  the  fluttering  of  the  heart,  and 
the  paleness  of  the  countenance,  until  the 
criminal,  fully  convinced  that  his  end  was 
near,  fainted  and  died,  without  having  lost 
a  single  drop  of  vital  fluid. 
'  A  similar  incident  occurred  in  Moscow  a 
few  years  ago.  A  criminal,  who  had  been 
condemned  to  sufi'er  the  death-penalty,  was 
told  that  he  was  to  sleep  in  a  bed  from 
which  the  dead  body  of  a  cholera  patient 
had  just  been  removed.  He  was  then  con- 
ducted to  a  well-ventilated  room  and  placed 
in  a  bed  perfectly  clean,  which  had  never 
been  used.  Toward  morning  he  was  taken 
with  all  the  symptoms  of  cholera,  and  died 
in  a  few  hours. 

Instances  of  less  violent  results  from  men- 
tal emotion  are  not  uncommon.  Terror  has 
changed  the  color  of  the  hair  from  black  to 
white.  Fear  may  excite  the  sweat-glands  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  bathe  the  skin  in  a 


'M, 


n 


■IS 

m 

f 


— *»fi 


pro- 


1 


M 


TEE  ERE  ATE, 


fuse  perspiration.  The  same  emotion  may 
so  excite  tlie  action  of  the  heart  as  to  make 
its  impulse  perceptible  through  the  clothing. 
A  single  thought  will  often  take  away  the 
appetite,  or  the  remembrance  of  some  favor- 
ite article  of  diet  will  create  one,  and  also 
increase  the  secretion  of  saliva  and  buccal 
mucus.  Excitement  has  been  known  to 
cause  convulsions,  dizziness,  intc  .;se  pain  in 
the  head,  and  dimness  of  viiion,  which  dis- 
appeared on  the  return  •  f  calmer  feelings. 

Mental  excitement  may  also  alter  the  se- 
cretions of  the  alimentixry  canal  and  affect 
the  functions  of  the  glandular  system,  so  as 
to  prevent  the  proper  elimination  of  the 
disorganized,  useless,  nitrogenized  materials 
through  the  ordinary  channels;  and  then, 
as  a  natural  consequence  of  the  change,  we 
must  expect  an  alteration  in  the  composition 
of  the  air  passing  off  from  the  lungs,  and  a 
contamination  by  gases,  which  give  it  a  fetid 
character.  In  such  cases,  the  effect  is  brought 
about  simultaneously  with  the  excitement ; 
in  others,  again,  it  develops   subsequently. 


I 


FETID  BREATH  FROM  EMOTION. 


25 


At  one  moment  tlie  breatli  will  be  sweet, 
at  tlie  next  fetid  and  unbearable.  The  odor 
is  not  so  penetrating  or  disagreeable  as  tbat 
arising  from  decomposing  food  in  tbe  cavi- 
ties of  decayed  teetb  or  from  dead  teeth. 
The  patients  are  usually  conscious  of  its  ex- 
istence, which  is  not  the  case  in  many  other 
varieties  of  the  affection.  They  are  subject 
to  violent  fits  of  temper,  easily  excited,  and 
as  easily  depressed.  The  appetite  is  varia- 
ble. Sleeplessness  is  a  common  accompani- 
ment. The  following  cases  from  my  note- 
book afford  good  examj^les  of  the  class  under 
consideration : 

Case  I. — Mrs.  G.,  a-ged  forty;  occupation, 
singer.  She  is  slight,  but  firmly  built,  and 
has  an  extremely  sensitive  nervous  organiza- 
tion ;  is  able  to  endure  fatigue  without  dis- 
comfort ;  never  had  any  hysterical  mani- 
festations, although  extremely  liable  to  lose 
control  of  herself  under  provocation.  She 
has  been  subject  at  intervals  to  a  bad  breath, 
and  is  always  conscious  of  its  presence.     It 


comes  on  suddenly,  and  is  accompanied  by  a 


1: 


(!;    ■■¥'■ 


I 


m^^ \ 


26 


THE  BREATH. 


peculiar  taste  in  the  mouth.  It  follows  or 
accompanies  fits  of  depression  or  anger,  but 
never  occurs  from  pleasurable  excitement. 
Preceding  the  menstrual  epoch  it  is  aggra- 
vated ;  it  disappears  with  the  flow.  Once  in 
two  or  three  months  an  intense  headache 
comes  on,  with  vomiting  of  bilious  matter. 
This  sometimes  occurs  without  affecting  the 
breath.  She  calls  it  a  "  feverish  breath." 
Her  appetite  is  good,  and  she  is  able  to 
digest  her  food,  except  when  suitering  from 
depression.  Constipation  is  also  present  at 
such  times,  \)ut  it  follows  and  does  not  pre- 
cede the  bad  breath,  showing  that  the  tor- 
pidity of  the  bowels  is  likewise  an  effect 
of  the  mental  condition,  and  not  a  cause. 
She  thinks  the  aifection  has  lasted  about 
^YQ  years. 

Case  II. — Mrs.  R.,  aged  thirty-two.  Is 
a  lady  above  the  medium  height ;  inclining 
to  embonpoint.  She  enjoys  excellent  health, 
has  a  good  appetite,  and  digests  her  food 
readily.  She  is  not  subject  to  any  special 
i  anifestations  of  excitement ;  fits  of  depres- 


I) 


|Mi: 


FETID  BREATH  FROM  EMOTION. 


27 


9 

I 


sion,  however,  are  not  UDcommon  at  the  men- 
'  strual  epoch.  The  peculiarity  in  her  case 
consists  in  this,  that,  whenever  she  is  pre- 
paring to  receive  company,  her  breath  be- 
comes perceptibly  "  feverish."  The  odor  con- 
tinues until  the  excitement  consequent  upon 
the  entertainment  has  subsided.  Under  simi- 
lar circumstances  the  same  thing  has  occurred 
for  four  years.  During  the  free  interval  her 
breath  is  pure  and  sweet.  An  examination 
of  the  mouth  and  throat  showed  (as  in  the 
previous  case)  that  there  was  no  local  cause 
for  the  affection. 

Case  III.  occurred  on  the  23d  of  May  last. 
On  the  morning  of  that  day  Mrs.  R.,  a  lady 
of  forty-five,  was  bitten  by  a  pet  dog  in  the 
arm.  She  was  very  much  alarmed  at  the 
occurrence,  and  fainted.  I  saw  her  an  hour 
afterward,  and,  while  examining  the  wound, 
discovered  that  her  breath  was  very  fetid. 
Having  seen  her  frequently  before  without 
noticing  any  thing  abnormal  in  the  breath, 
I  questioned  her  concerning  it.  She  stated 
that  she  had  been  in  perfect  health  up  to 


\ 


% 


I 


I 


iii 


m 


m 


m 


J3 


28 


THE  BREATH. 


Ill  I 


'4% 


Ui'r 


\m  \ 


the  time  of  the  accident,  and  that  her  breath 
had  not  been  affected  before  it. 

The  suddenness  with  which  the  offensive 
breath  develops  in  these  cases  may  be  ex- 
plained by  the  theory  spoken  of  above,  or 
it  may  be  that  unusual  nervous  excitement 
induces  a  greater  destruction  of  tissue  than 
normally  obtains,  and,  before  the  intestinal 
glands  can  accommodate  themselves  to  the  in- 
creased labor,  other  organs  must  assist  in  get- 
ting rid  of  the  overplus  of  noxious  material. 

Bad  breath,  arising  from  mental  emotion, 
is  less  amenable  to  treatment  than  any  other 
variety,  because  it  often  depends  on  the  will 
of  the  patient  whether  the  cause  shall  be  re- 
moved or  not.  There  is  no  local  fault  which 
can  be  grasped  and  removed.  The  treatment, 
consequently,  must  be  directed  to  the  gener- 
al system.  All  sources  of  mental  irritation 
should  be  removed.  Cold  sponge-baths  daily 
are  of  great  service  in  giving  tone  to  the 
nervous  system.  In  certain  cases  shower- 
baths  are  good,  but  delicate  persons  are 
over-stimulated  by  them.      Plenty  of  exer- 


1 


CONSTITUTIONAL   TREATMENT 


29 


■^f 


cise  in  the  open  air  is  also  a  requisite.  As 
mucli  vegetable  food  as  is  consistent  with  a 
healthy  state  should  be  eaten  at  each  meal, 
and  the  animal  food  diminished.  When 
mental  excitement  is  known  to  occur  at  cer- 
tain stated  intervals,  the  following  prepara- 
tion will  be  found  of  great  service.  It  acts 
as  a  stimulant  to  the  nerves,  and  enables  the 
patient  to  pass  the  difficult  date  with  ease : 

IJ.     Tinct.lavend.comp.,  ,  ,      ffij.    - 

Tinct.  valerian,  ffss. 

Mist,  camph.,  f3iij. 

Aquae  carui,  f  ^  j. 

Dose,  fifteen  drops  on  sugar  every  hour  until  the 
depression  is  relieved. 

In  some  cases  five  or  ten  grains  of  musk, 
repeated  once  or  twice  during  twenty-four 
hours,  will  be  found  efficacious.      ..      , 

Or  either  of  the  following  may  be  em- 
ployed :  , 

5^.    Tinct.  Valerianae  ammon.,  f3ss. 

Tinct.  castor  comp.,  f3j. 

JEtheris,  gt.  xv. 

Aquse  anethi.,  ^     f§iss. 

Half  of  this  preparation  may  be  taken  two  or  three 
times  each  day.  s.    ..      .      .  . 


Ml 


n. 


'm 


hi  ■ 
y 


i 


If; 


80                             THE  BREATU. 

I^.     Tinct.  assafoetidae, 

f!j. 

Tinct.  hyoscyami, 

f3ij. 

Tinct.  cinnam., 

f  §  iss. 

Aquae  menth.  pip., 

f3ij. 

M. 

Dose,  one  teaspoonful  in 

water  every 

three  hours. 

Should  tlie  breatli  be  affected  in  spite  of 
tlie  preventive  remedies,  a  wafer  or  pill,  com- 
posed of  the  tbllowing  ingredients,  may  be 
allowed  to  dissolve  in  the  mouth.  It  effect- 
ually destroys  the  bad  odor.  Before  using 
it,  the  teeth  should  be  thoroughly  cleansed 
and  the  gums  sponged  with  a  solution  of 
myrrh  and  water : 


^.     Pulv.  cinnam., 

Pulv.  pimentae, 

Pulv.  cardam.,       / 

aa3 

Sacchari  alb., 

3j. 

Mucil.  gum-acacia. 

q.  s. 

Make  fifty  pills. 

\  -  •  '      ■■ 

Fifteen  drops  of  oil  of  nutmeg,  mixed 
with  one  teaspoonful  of  olive-oil,  is  a  good 
deodorizer.  It  should  be  rubbed  on  the 
gums  and  cheeks  with  the  finger. 

Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  act  on  the 


R 


CAUSES  OF  constipation: 


31 


bowels  with  a  mild  cathartic  before  the  odor 
can  be  removed.  When  the  secretions  of  the 
intestinal  canal  are  increased,  the  other  medi- 
cines are  more  certain  in  their  curative  ac- 
tion. In  such  cases,  a  combination  of  rhu- 
barb, myrrh,  aloes,  and  oil  of  peppermint, 
acts  beneficially.  This  compounvi  passes  un- 
der the  name  of  "compound  rhubarb-pill." 
Two  or  three  may  be  taken  at  bedtime. 

CONSTIPATION 

Is  more  frequently  a  cause  of  bad  breath  than 
the  preceding.  A  diminished  secretion  of 
mucus  from  the  lining  membrane  of  the  in- 
testinal canal,  or  deficient  peristaltic  action 
of  the  muscular  coat,  are  its  most  common 
causes.  Persons  of  indolent  habits,  who  are 
accustomed  to  lounge  in-doors,  and  rarely  ex- 
ercise in  the  open  air,  are  very  subject  to  it. 
A  watery  condition  of  the  blood  {ancemia) 
may  produce  constipation  by  lessening  the 
normal  amount  of  the  secretion,  or  deterio- 
rating the  elements  which  enter  into  their 
composition.      Nearly  all  forms  of  indiges- 


ill: 


^m\ 


m 

vn 


r  M 

I 


1  ' 


'M 


i 


32 


THE  BREATH. 


tion  have  constipation  as  one  of  the  promi- 
nent accompaniments. 

When  constipation  exists,  the  disentegrat- 
ed  materials,  which  are  thrown  off  through 
the  mucous  membrane,  and  the  remains  of 
undigested  food,  accumulate  in  the  canal. 
The  mass  is  passing  rapidly  through  all  the 
various  stages  of  decomposition,  and,  by  its 
pressure  and  irritation  of  the  glands,  it  di- 
minishes the  normal  excretory  function,  and 
Nature,  to  maintain  an  equilibrium,  throws 
its  surplus  of  excretory  materials  on  the 
glands  of  other  mucous  membranes.  Then, 
agair,  the  gases,  in  solution,  arising  from  the 
decomposing  accumulation,  may  be  taken  up 
by  the  blood-vessels,  and  thus  increase  the 
effluvia. 

It  will  be  noticed,  in  most  of  these  cases, 
that  the  skin  is  darker  than  is  natural,  or 
has  a  yellowish,  semi  -  jaundiced  hue,  and 
that  the  odor  of  its  secretion  is  percepti- 
bly changed.  The  tongue  is  coated.  The 
mucous  membrane  of  the  lips  may  be  dry 
and  parched,  and,  in  certain  places,  its  epithe- 


FETOR  FROM  CONSTIPATION. 


3^ 


\j 


lial  covering  peels  off,  leaving  the  membrane 
denuded.  The  breath  is  fetid,  but  the  pa- 
tient is  generally  unaware  of  it.  When  no- 
ticed by  the  patient,  he  usually  expresses  the 
fact  by  saying  that  the  breath  is  '•^feverishP 
Other  signs  of  general  disturbance  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  body  may  after  a  time  appear ; 
but  their  consideration  belongs  to  other  de- 
partments, and  will  not  be  touched  upon  here. 
The  treatment  of  this  class  of  cases,  when 
properly  carried  out,  is  eminently  successful. 
The  fetor  can  always  be  removed.  In  the 
first  place,  however,  the  patient  must  be 
made  to  understand  that  medication  alone 
will  not  produce  any  permanent  improve- 
ment. An  entire  change  of  habit  is  required. 
Vigorous  exercise  out-of-doors  should  be  con- 
stantly enjoined.  Where  this  is  not  practica- 
ble, sparring,  dumb-bell,  or  club  exercise,  will 
be  of  great  benefit.  Fruit,  such  as  oranges, 
peaches,  pears,  etc.,  should  be  eaten  in  the 
morning,  before  or  during  breakfast.  Fruit 
eaten  in  this  way  is  a  valuable  adjuvant 
in  keeping  up  proper  action  of  the  bowels. 


13- 
11 

l! 

% 

:i 

;■  ,  t 
;  J 


\\\i  iN 


1 

I  IP 


84 


THE  BREATH. 


1 1 


Friction  of  the  abdomen  with  a  rough  towel 
after  a  bath,  or  at  other  times,  will  be  found 
useful  in  promoting  the  same  object.  The 
patient  should  select  for  himself  the  most  nu- 
tritious and  digestible  articles  of  diet  best 
suited  to  his  individual  palate.  What  will 
answer  for  one  will  often  interfere  with  the 
digestion  of  another;  therefore  no  special 
diet  can  be  laid  down.  In  the  majority  of 
cases  it  will  be  found  necessary  to  act  on  the 
bowels  with  gentle  cathartics.  They  should 
be  repeated  every  second  day  until  the  mu- 
cous membrane  is  restored  to  its  normal  con- 
dition. Active  purgatives  are  rarely  needed. 
The  following  tonic  and  laxative  prepara- 
tions are  exceedingly  useful : 

^.     Pulv.  aloes  socot.,  grs.  xij. 

Ext.  nucis  vomicae,  grs.  ij. 

Pulv.  ferri  sulph.,  3j. 

Make  twenty  pills.  One  pill  to  be  taken  two  or 
three  times  each  day  before  meals,  until  the  evacua- 
tions are  regular  and  natural  in  appearance. 

If  there  be  pain  and  flatulence  in  connec- 
tion with  the  constipation,  it  will  be  neces- 


TREATMENT. 


35 


i 


saiy  to  combine  carminatives  witli  tlie  cathar- 
tic medicine: 

3.     Pulv.  aloes  socot.,  grs.  xij. 

Pulv.  rhei.,  3  ij. 

Ext.  nucis  vomic«,  grs.  iv. 

Pulv.  zingiberis,  3  j. 

Make  thirty  pills.     One  pill  before  or  after  each 
meal.     Or  the  following  may  be  tried  ; 

^,     Magnes.  carb.,  3j. 

Sp.  lavend,  comp.,  f  ^  ss. 

.  »  Olei  anisi/' ■  3j.  '      '• 

Aqua3  menthaB  pip.,  ffvj. 

One  tablespoonful  four  or  five  times  each  day  be- 
fore eating. 

The  officinal  mixture  of  rhubarb,  soda, 
and  peppermint,  given  in  teaspoonful  doses 
^YQ  times  in  twenty-four  hours,  is  also  good 
in  flatulence.  A  piece  of  rhubarb  chewed, 
and  the  juice  swallowed,  will  often  answer 
the  same  purpose. 

As  in  the  previous  cases,  the  mouth  and 
teeth  should  be  cleansed  thoroughly  with 
the  solution  of  myrrh  and  water  (one  tea- 
spoonful  of  the  tincture  of  myrrh  to  a  wine- 
glass of  water),  or  the  cai'bolic-acid  solution 


I  jili 


if 


86 


THE  BREATH. 


ti'' 


\--\ 


(four  grains  to  two  ounces  of  water).  The 
tincture  of  cinnamon,  slightly  diluted  with 
water,  can  be  applied  to  the  interior  of  the 
mouth  and  gums  with  a  brush.  It  will  com- 
municate its  flavor  to  the  breatli  for  a  con- 
siderable length  of  time.  Pieces  of  charcoal- 
cake  as  large  as  a  hazel-nut  may  be  eaten 
half  a  dozen  times  during  tbe  day  with  ben- 
efit. These  things,  however,  only  diminish, 
but  do  not  entirely  dispel  the  offensive  odor. 
As  a  permanent  deodorizer,  tbe  wafer  men- 
tioned in  a  previous  page  may  be  employed 
in  conjunction  with  tlie  following : 

1^.     Pulv.  carui  sem., 

Pulv.  coriander  sem.,  /•    ^ 

Pulv.  cinnam.,  aa  3  ss.         , 

Saccb.  alb.,  3  j. 

Mucil.  gum-acacia,  q.  s. 

Make  fifty  pills.     Dissolve  one  in  the  mouth  when 
necessary. 

The  root  of  Cornus  Florida^  or  sweet-flag, 
when  chewed,  impregnates  the  breath  strong- 
ly with  its  peculiar  aromatic  principle.  A 
piece  the  size  of  a  pea  will  answer.  The 
odor  obtained  by  masticating  the  leaves  of 


if 


■  I 

i 


DEODORIZERS. 


37 


the  common  ])artriclge-beiTy  (^Gaultherla pro- 
cumhe7i8)  is  exceedingly  agreeable,  and  makes 
an  excellent  deodorizer ;  or,  one  teaspoonful 
of  tincture  of  gaultheria  and  one  of  tincture 
of  myrrh,  added  to  an  ounce  of  water,  will 
be  found  equally  efficacious.       ... 

Cigarettes,  in  which  are  mixed  small  pieces 
of  cascarillaor  cinnamon  bark,  may  be  smoked 
by  persons  \s  ho  ar?  in  the  habit  of  using  to- 
bacco. 

Where  the  constipation  and  bad  odor  are 
kept  up  by  a  general  lax  condition  of  the 
system,  a  course  of  tonic  medicines  alone  will 
often  suffi.ce  to  bring  about  a  cure.  Vegeta- 
ble tonics,  as  a  rule,  agree  bettor  with  the 
stomach  than  mineral  ones  do.  A  mixture, 
composed  of  equal  parts  of  tincture  of  wild- 
cherry  and  cinchona  barks,  is  good.  If  iron 
is  indicated,  the  following  may  be  given : 

^.    Fern  pyrophosph.,  3  ij. 

'           Quinee  sulph.,  ••         '        3  ss, 

,  •  )■     Acidi  sulph.  dil.,  .    '     ,            q,  g^ 

Glycerine,  •  •          ^      |iv. 

One  teaspoonful  in  a  wineglass  of  water  four  times 
each  day. 


(i' 


mm 


•  21  "'U 


in- 


CHAPTEE    III. 


FOUL  BEEATH  FEOM  INDIGESTIOlf ,  ETC. 

Causes  of  Indigestion. — Symptoms. — Hor  Indigestion  afifects  the  Air 
passing  from  the  Lungs, — Relation  to  Constipation. — Examples. 
— Various  Methods  of  Treatment. — Bad  Breath  from  Congenital 
Deficiency  Ox^  the  Eliminating  Apparatus  of  the  Intestines. 

The  false  mode  of  life  characteristic  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  the  hurry,  excite- 
ment, and  worry,  are  generators  of  innumer- 
able ills.  Their  most  common  sequences  are 
disorders  of  the  digestive  functions.  Seden- 
tary habits,  overwork,  and  the  disgusting 
practice  of  "  bolting "  food,  assist  them  in 
sapping  the  vitality  until  Nature  gives  way 
under  the  strain.  Men  eat  as  if  they  wished 
to  get  the  food  into  the  stomach  in  its  most 
indigestible  form.  Their  object  is  to  save 
time- — to  save  time,  perhaps,  for  the  cigar 
or  bar-room.  This  is  a  great  mistake.  No 
reasonable  excuse  can  be  made  for  such  a 


INDIGESTION. 


30 


vicious  practice,  for  all  who  indulge  in  it 
know,  to  their  cost,  the  penalty,  which,  in 
the  shape  of  dyspepsia  and  its  kindred  evils, 
constantly  threatens  them. 

The  symptoms  which  characterize  indiges- 
tion are,  in  some  respects,  similar  to  those  con- 
nected with  chronic  constipation.  In  many 
instances,  torpidity  of  the  bowels  is  but  a 
result  of  a  poor  indigestion ;  yet,  as  indiges- 
tion frequently  occurs  independently  of  con- 
stipation, and,  as  habitual  constipation  if  of- 
ten associated  with  excellent  digestive  pow- 
ers, it  is  but  fair  to  make  a  distinction 
between  them.  There  are,  however,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  symptoms  before  enumerated, 
pain  and  weight  in  the  stomach  after  eat- 
ing, and  eructations  of  gas  and  acid  liquids 
into  the  mouth.  The  gas  may  disturb  the 
stomach  and  intestines  so  as  to  cause  con- 
siderable pain.  It  rarely  has  a  bad  odor. 
Diarrhoea  may  be  present,  though  the  bow- 
els are  usually  constipated.  There  are  often 
great  nervousness  and  depression  of  spirits, 
amounting,  in  some   cases,  to   melancholia. 


m 


:|i 


i 


m 


m 


Ui 


ri 


40 


THE  BREATH. 


liiiii'    I 


The  breath  becomes  fetid  very  soon  after 
the  commencement  of  the  disorder.  The  of- 
fensive odor  is  worse  in  the  morning  and 
evening.  Fatigue  and  nervous  excitement 
invariably  increase  it.  Immediately  after  eat- 
ing, it  is  scarcely  noticeable. 

The  odor  may  be  due  to  the  decomposi- 
tion of  undigested  food  in  the  bowels,  or  from 
failure  of  the  excretory  glands  to  throw  off 
the  products  of  disintegration,  or  it  may  arise 
because  decay  of  tissue  is  increased  by  the 
lack  of  support,  resulting  from  the  dimin- 
ished quantity  of  nutritious  elements  taken 
into  the  system.  This  deficiency  of  nutri- 
ment is  a  constant  and  necessary  effect  of 
indigestion ;  and,  with  the  excess  of  disinte- 
gration and  the  general  torpor  in  the  glands 
of  the  intestines,  there  is  a  demand  for  in- 
creased work  in  other  parts  to  assist  in 
throwing  off  the  detritus.  The  following 
cases  show  the  course  of  the  afl^ction  in 
its  various  phases : 

Case  I. — Mary  M.  G.,  aged  thirty-one ;  oc- 
cupation, nurse.     Was  first  taken  sick  May, 


INDIGESTIOK^ 


41 


1870.  At  that  time  slie  began  to  lose  her 
appetite  and  feel  uncomfortable  after  eating. 
A  heavy  meal  was  always  followed  by  a  pain 
in  the  epigastrium  and  side.  Solid  food  af- 
fected her  more  than  any  other  kind.  With 
the  pain  a  burning  sensation  (heart -burn) 
was  sometimes  felt  in  the  chest.  Pressure 
over  the  stomach  excited  nausea  and  vomit- 
ing. Cold  water  taken  at  night  caused  a 
painful  feeling  of  distention  over  the  abdo- 
men, and  a  profuse  flow  of  saliva  into  the 
mouth.  On  rising  suddenly  from  the  reclin- 
ing posture,  her  head  would  become  dizzy 
and  her  sight  dim.  She  attributed  this  to  • 
her  weakness.  In  the  morning  her  tongue 
was  coated  with  a  yellowish-white  fur,  and 
her  breath  was  exceedingly  offensive.  She 
was  not  aware  of  this  latter  symptom  until 
informed  of  it  by  a  friend,  but  since  then 
the  odor  has  been  very  perceptible  to  her 
own  olfactories.  r     • 

On  examination  of  this  patient  I  found 
her  face  sallow  and  care-worn,  and  her  breath 
very  fetid.    Her  eyes  were  heavy,  and  the 


m 


■-•I 


1 

(| 
M 

% 
% 

m 


mi 


-.'  ^-  til. 

'<m 


m 


'IF 


r  ' 


42 


THE  BREATH. 


edges  of  the  lids  red.  The  skin  was  dry  and 
rough,  lil^'^.  that  of  one  convalescing  from  a 
fever,  and  .  odor  arising  from  it  was  un- 
pleasant. "While  under  observation,  she  ab- 
stained from  all  solid  food,  and  confined  her- 
self almost  exclusively  to  a  milk-diet.  This 
resulted  in  complete  relief  from  her  unpleas- 
ant sensations.  Afterward  she  went  to  the 
country,  lived  out-of-doors,  and  finally  re- 
covered, without  the  aid  of  any  kind  of  med- 
ication. 

Case  IL — J.  C,  aged  twenty-seven ;  occu- 
pation, book-keeper.  Has  been  employed  in 
a  hardware  establishment.  For  two  years 
past  he  has  been  in  the  habit  of  working 
from  eight  in  the  morning  until  ten  or  eleven 
at  night.  The  only  exercise  he  took  was 
walking  to  the  store  in  the  morning.  About 
two  years  ago  he  began  to  be  troubled  with 
flatulence.  Every  thing  he  ate  seemed  to 
turn  sour  on  his  stomach,  and  he  was  con- 
stantly belching  up  large  quantities  of  gas, 
which  had  an  unpleasant  odor.  The  bowels 
were  alternately  constipated  and  loose.    In 


EXAMPLES  OF  IKDIGESTION, 


43 


about  three  months  from  the  beginning  of 
the  complaint  severe  pain  after  eating  was 
added  to  his  other  symptoms.  The  pain  was 
burning  in  character,  and  almost  unbearable 
until  relieved  by  getting  rid  of  the  gas. 
He  was  in  the  habit  of  taking  brandy  after 
each  meal,  because  it  seemed  to  assist  in  di- 
gesting the  food.  His  breath,  he  said,  was 
feverish  from  the  beginning;  he  noticed  it 
was  much  worse  in  the  evening  than  in  the 
morning.  There  was  a  bad  taste  in  the 
mouth  continually.  He  thought  the  fetor 
was  caused  by  the  yellowish  matter  which 
accumulated  on  the  tongue  and  gums  be- 
tween meals.  This  coating  was  made  up 
principally  of  epithelial  cells  and  fine  gran- 
ules. It  gave  off  a  slight  fetid  odor ;  but  its 
removal  made  little  or  no  change  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  breath. 

These  cases  are  typical,  and  they  consti- 
tute at  least  one-third  of  the  practice  of  many 
of  our  medical  men. 

The  same  general  hygienic  measures  rec- 
ommended for  the  cure  of  constipation,  and 


m 


W 


I  i 


,1  ' 

3' 


I 


4  f' 


.ill 
III 


mn 


■■i 


r. :  1 


44 


THE  BREATH. 


■    ; 


the  bad  breath  accompanying  it,  are  neces- 
sary in  every  form  of  indigestion.  Fresh  air, 
nourishing  food,  change  of  habitation,  rest 
from  work  and  worry,  do  more  toward  pro- 
moting a  cure  than  the  most  scientific  medi- 
cation. Unfortunately,  many  of  our  patients, 
from  necessity  as  well  as  inclination,  remain 
under  bad  sanitary  influences. 

When  there  are  acid  eructations,  showing 
excessive  acidity  of  the  stomach,  alkalies  may 
be  administered.  Carbonates  of  soda  or  pot- 
ash, given  in  ^yq  or  ten  grain  doses,  and  re- 
peated at  short  intervals,  will  give  temporary 
relief.  Lime-water  is  also  good  in  certain 
cases,  especially  when  there  is  nausea. 

To  empty  the  bowels,  and  at  the  same 
time  timulate  the  secretions,  the  following 
powders  may  be  given: 

1^.     Hydrarg.  chlor.  mite,     '  grs.  viij. 

Pulv.  rhei.,  x. 

Olei  anisi,  g*- v. 

Make  two  powders ;  one  to  be  taken  at  night,  and 
the  other  in  the  morning.  If  the  patient  is  robust  and 
full-blooded,  both  powders  may  be  administered  to- 
gether.    In  the  majority  of  cases  it  is  best  to  com- 


TREATMENT  OF  INDIGESTION: 


45 


mence  with  a  cathartic  before  resorting  to  tonics  or 

deodorizers.  ,     ,      , 

•      < .    •'.    i-\    •■  ■  ■    .■  - 

A  pure  milk-diet,  continued  for  several 
weeks,  will  often  remove  the  indigestion,  and 
with  it  the  offensive  breath.  Pieces  of  crack- 
er may  be  soaked  in  the  milk,  or  an  Qgg  may- 
be beaten  up  with  it  once  or  twice  each  day. 
While  pursuing  this  course,  all  varieties  of 
solid  food,  except  bread  and  light  crackers, 
should  be  avoided.  The  quantity  of  milk 
taken  must  depend  on  the  inclinations  of  the 
patient.  In  most  cases,  it  may  be  increased 
until  four  or  ^yq  quarts  are  consumed  daily. 
When  the  milk  disagrees  with  the  patient,  a 
trial  must  be  made  of  other  digestible  articles 
of  diet  until  something  is  found  to  suit  the 
delicate  stomach.  The  bowels  may  be  regu- 
lated by  the  pills  of  iron,  nux- vomica,  and 
aloes,  or  by  Kissingen-water,  taken  in  the 
morning  before  breakfast. 

For  the  relief  of  the  distressing  sensation 
of  weight  and  fullness  in  the  stomach  after 
eating,  caused  by  flatulence,  the  following  is 
always  useful :  .      - 


! 


P 


.1., 


xji) 


'i 


i 


till 


ll^W 


M>:: 


■!'' 


46 


TEB  BEE  ATE. 


I^.     Bismuth,  subnitrat., 

3  ij. 

Pulv.  zingiber., 

3uj. 

Spts.  lavend.  comp., 

f|j8S 

Aquae, 

M. 

One  teaspoon  ful  four  or  five  times  each  day,  or  as 
often  as  the  distressing  symptoms  prevail.  The  medi- 
cine must  be  taken  in  water.  Should  the  liquid  prepa- 
ration not  agree  with  the  stomach,  the  bismuth  and 
ginger  may  be  tried  in  the  form  of  powder.  Strong 
peppermint-tea,  made  by  adding  half  an  ounce  of  the 
leaves  to  half  a  pint  of  water,  is  also  serviceable. 

ir  this  plan  of  treatment  is  followed  out 
faithfully  for  a  few  weeks,  the  offensive 
breath,  with  the  other  disagreeable  symp- 
toms, will  be  entirely  removed.  When  the 
patient  recovers,  the  physician  should  insist 
on  a  strict  observance  of  all  ordinary  hygienic 
laws  in  order  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  the 
disorder. 

For  the  immediate  relief  of  the  fetid 
breath,  any  of  the  previously  -  mentioned 
medicaments  (page  36)  may  be  employed. 
The  charcoal-cake  alone,  when  eaten  four  or 
five  times  during  the  day,  will  often  suffice 
to  remove  the  odor.     When  the  tongue  is 


CONGENITAL  BAD  BREATH. 


47 


much  coated,  it  must  be  scraped  clean,  and 
the  whole  mouth  washed  with  a  solution  of 
myrrh-and-lavender  (one  teaspoonful  of  tinct- 
ture  of  myrrh  to  a  wineglass  of  lavender- 
water),  or  with  the  carbolic  •  acid  solution. 
Unless  this  is  done,  the  coating  will  become 
decomposed  and  add  to  the  general  offensive- 
ness  of  the  breath. 


!  ' 


[I 


CONGENITAL  BAD  BREATH. 

There  are  a  few  unfortunate  persons  who 
are  afilicted  with  a  bad  breath  from  their 
childhood.  At  first,  the  affection  is  attrib- 
uted to  indigestion.  As  the  child  grows, 
however,  he  exhibits  the  ordinary  amount 
of  flesh,  strength,  and  capacity  for  digest- 
ing food  that  other  children  do ;  he  sleeps 
well,  and  has  a  good  appetite,  and,  in  all 
other  respects,  appears  to  be  in  perfect 
health.  There  is  not  one  appreciable  cause 
of  bad  breath  to  be  discovered  in  the  work- 
ing of  any  organ.  A  close  examination  of  the 
patient  will  show  that  the  skin  gives  off  a 
fetor  similar  to  that  coming  from  the  lungs, 


iiii'f  i 
^-  1 


■■'if,' 


48 


THE  BREATH. 


but  much  less  intense.  In  warm  weather,  or 
when  uniier  the  influence  of  alcoholic  stimu- 
lants, the  breath  of  the  patient  is  almost  un- 
bearable. Like  some  other  forms,  it  is  some- 
times worse  at  night  than  in  the  morning. 

It  is  probable  that,  in  these  cases,  there 
is  some  defect  in  the  eliminating  apparatus 
of  the  intestines,  or  a  peculiar  tendency  to 
the  formation  of  one  class  of  metamorphosed 
decaying  substances  instead  of  another.  If 
this  view  is  correct,  we  may  have  a  portion 
of  the  carbonic  acid  and  vapor  of  water,  car- 
ried off  from  the  lungs,  replaced  by  some  of 
the  fetid  gases  mentioned  in  the  first  chap- 
ter. Similar  changes  may  also  occur  in  the 
secretions  of  the  skin  and  other  organs. 

The  treatment  of  congenital  bad  breath 
is  more  palliative  than  curative.  We  cannot 
remove  the  fetid  odor  completely ;  we  can, 
however,  hide  or  modify  it.  The  patient 
should  take  a  tepid  bath  daily,  and  after- 
ward sponge  the  surface  of  the  body  with 
cold  water.  When  the  skin  has  been  rubbed 
dry,  a  dilute  solution  of  Florida- water  should 


IV 


TREATMENT. 


^ 


be  applied  with  a  wet  towel.  An  infusion 
of  partridge-berry  leaves,  or  cologne-water, 
may  be  employed  in  the  same  manner.  A 
few  drops  of  spirits  of  campbor  act  as  a  per- 
fect deodo:  *zer  in  some  cases. 

Every  local  oause  which  might  add  to 
the  fetor  must  be  removed.  The  mouth  and 
teeth  ought  to  be  kept  scrupulously  clean. 
Charcoal,  again,  comes  in  here  as  a  useful 
disinfectant.  Sweet  -  flag,  partridge  -  berry 
leaves,  cinnamon  -  bark,  etc.,  may  be  used 
constantly.  A  small  portion  kept  in  the 
mouth  will  hide  the  oifensiveness  of  the 
breath.  If  necessary,  all  the  deodorizers  be- 
fore recommended  may  be  tried  in  turn,  and 
the  most  suitable  for  the  case  selected  for 
permanent  use.  •     .        . 


I 


,  ;■, 


m 

m 


•■  ,M 


m 


m 


CHAPTEK  ly. 


FOUL  BREATH  FROM  DECAYED  TEETH,  ETC. 

Decayed  Teeth  as  a  Cause  of  Bad  Breath. — ^Effects  of  Decomposing 
Food  in  the  Cavities  of  the  Teeth. — Causes  of  Decay. — Develop- 
ment t>f  a  Vegetable  Parasite  in  the  Mouth  from  Uncleauliness. 
— ^Accumulation  of  Tartar  and  its  Chemical  Composition. — Bad 
Breath  from  Inflammations  and  Ulcerations  of  the  Mouth. 

Premature  decay  of  the  teeth  is  often 
witnessed  in  persons  suffering  from  scrofula. 
The  teeth  of  such  persons  become  discolored 
at  an  early  age,  and  crumble  with  very  little 
pressure.  It  is  symptomatic  of  the  general 
lack  of  vitality,  which  exists  in  scrofula. 
Teeth  decay,  likewise,  from  uncleauliness. 
Small  particles  of  food  accumulate  in  the 
cavities  between  the  teeth,  and  in  a  short 
time  decompose.  The  decomposed  material, 
as  it  becomes  packed  and  denser,  presses  on 
the  enamel,  destroys  it,  and  then  has  free  ac- 
cess to  the  soft  bone  beneath.     In  connection 


PARASITIG  FORMATIONS.— TARTAR.       51 


with  this  deposit,  a  minute  vegetable  para- 
site is  developed  in  the  mouth,  called  the 
Septothric  hucoUis.  When  examined  under 
the  microscope,  it  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  granular  mass  covered  with  filaments. 
On  the  addition  of  io  line,  a  violet-color  is 
produced.  In  nearly  every  case  of  decayed 
teeth,  these  parasites  may  be  found.  When 
lodged  between  the  teeth,  they  sprout  with 
the  same  rapidity  that  other  fungous  growths 
do.  It  forms  masses,  which  become  harder 
and  denser  as  the  development  proceeds,  im- 
til  it  absorbs  the  enamel  in  its  neighborhood. 
If  a  portion  of  teeth  under  it  be  examined, 
its  surface  will  present  a  roughened  appear- 
ance, and,  in  the  course  of  time,  a  large  cav- 
ity is  formed,  opening  into  the  interior  of 
the  tooth.  Another  result  of  uncleanliness 
is  a  deposit  of  ta/rtar  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  teeth,  near  their  insertion  in  the  gums. 
It  adheres  to  the  enamel  like  mortar,  and,  if 
allowed  to  remain,  causes  destruction  of  that 
part  of  the  tooth  upon  which  it  presses.  Ta/t'- 
tar,  which  may  be  recognized  by  its  hardness 


ill 


'^1 

'lis 


'■:% 


■■'In 


\- 


i 

'Mi 


I 


52 


THE  BREATH. 


IK  I 


and  yellow-gray  color,  consists  of  phosphate 
of  lime,  mucus,  salivary  matter,  and  a  pecul- 
iar animal  substance,  soluble  in  chlorhydric 
acid.  The  density  and  compactness  of  tartar 
are  due  to  the  phosphate  of  lime,  the  mate- 
rial which  gives  to  bone  its  hardness.  When, 
in  the  deposit,  the  animal  matter  is  in  excess, 
small  parasites  will  often  be  found. 

The  use  of  acids  for  a  length  of  time, 
either  in  the  form  of  medicines  or  of  unripe 
fruit,  is  another  common  source  of  decay 
which  is  often  overlooked.  ,       ,.    .     > 

Decaying  bone  in  all  parts  of  the  body, 
when  exposed  to  the  aii*,  exhales  a  fetor.  The 
same  destructive  process  in  the  teeth  occa- 
sions less  odor  than  decay  in  other  bony 
tissues.  When  a  fetid  breath  is  associated 
with  rotten  teeth,  it  is  usual  to  assume  that 
they  alone  are  responsible ;  this,  however,  is 
not  the  case.  The  decaying  structures  of  the 
teeth  are  but  accessaries  in  producing  the  fe- 
tor. .:  ,    , 

During  the  process  of  mastication,  many 
particles  of  food  become  lodged  in  the  mi- 


FOUL  BREATE  FROM  CARIOUS  TEETH.     53 


nute  cavities  of  tlie  teeth.  The  heat  and 
moisture  of  the  mouth  excite  decomposition 
in  the  mass.  The  animal  matters  it  contains, 
as  well  as  the  alkaline  salts,  assist  in  continu- 
ing the  destructive  process.  In  a  day  or  two 
it  is  thoroughly  rotten,  and  emits  the  foul- 
ness characteristic  of  putridity  under  other 
circumstances.  Thus  each  decavinsj  tooth  be- 
comes  the  receptacle  and  storehouse  for  de- 
caying animal  matter  in  its  most  disgusting 
forms.  The  portions  of  decaying  material 
near  the  carious  cavity  become  condensed 
and  fastened  into  the  crevices  of  the  tooth. 
Daily  the  rotten  mass  receives  fresh  layers, 
which  form  on  the  top,  until  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  distinguish  the  animal  matter  from 
the  bone.  As  a  necessary  consequence  of 
this  putrefactive  change,  the  breath  becomes 
impregnated  with  foulness,  so  that  it  is  al- 
most impossible  to  remain  in  close  proximity 
to  the  patient.  The  odor  is  worse  than  most 
other  varieties,  but  it  is  soon  relieved  by  ap- 
propriate treatment. 

The  proper  person  to  consult  in   these 


';! 


■i'A 


m 


'1i 


4 


;■  i'l 


54 


THE  BREATH. 


cases  is  the  dentist.  He  should  carefully 
cleanse  the  teeth  from  all  incrustations  of 
tartar,  and  remove  the  decaying  substances 
from  their  cavities.  These  cavities  may  then 
be  filled  with  what  is  known  as  "  soft-filling^^ 
or  with  gold.  Amalgam  fillings  are  not  con- 
ducive to  health.  They  do  not  make  the 
breath  any  sweeter,  nor  do  they  preserve  the 
teeth  from  decay.        .       ,         .  ^     . :  .     ,. ,. 

The  particles  of  food  should  be  extracted 
from  between  the  teeth  after  every  meal  by 
means  of  a  toothpick.  The  teeth  may  then 
be  washed  with  a  solution  of  soap-and- water, 
applied  mth  a  soft  brush.  Hard  brushes  in- 
jure the  enamel.  The  soap-solution  destroys 
the  parasitic  accumulations  of  the  mouth,  be- 
sides acting  to  a  certain  extent  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  deodorizer.  When  from  any  cause 
recourse  to  a  dentist  is  impracticable,  animal 
charcoal  can  be  pressed  into  the  cavities,  al- 
lowed to  remain  for  half  an  hour,  and  then 
be  removed  by  washing.  A  solution  of  car- 
bolic acid  (two  grains  to  the  ounce  of  water) 
is  an  excellent  deodorizer.     It  can  be  applied 


m 


DEODORIZERS. 


55 


tboroughly  when  tlie  charcoal  is  removed, 
and  repeated  if  necessary.  As  the  odor  of 
carbolic  acid  is  not  always  agreeable,  its  ap- 
plication may  be  followed  by  the  myrrh-and- 
cinnamon  solution :  .    .  ^  .         .      .    = 


5fr.     Tinct,  myrrhse, 

Tinct.  cinnam., 

Aquae  menthse  viridis, 
M. 


aa  f3ij. 

3IJ. 


i! 


! 


This  mixture  ma  '  >e  applied  with  a  tooth- 
brush. The  tincture  of  myrrh  may  be  used 
alone,  diluted  with  sufficient  water  to  pre- 
vent it  from  irritating  the  mucous  membr?  iie. 
Either  of  the  following  may  be  tried : 


]^.     Tinct.  calamus, 
Tinct.  gaultheria, 
Spiritus  myristicae, 
Aqujie, 

M. 

IJ6.     Spiritus  lavandulae  comp., 
AquaB  menthao  piperitae, 

M.  ':■:  '  —  ■'-:     ' 


aa  3j. 

7  *  * 


ss. 


These  preparations  may  be  used  in  a  more 
diluted  state  if  the  patient  is  young.     In 


m)  j 


rr 


Ml 


56 


THE  BREATH. 


ihl 


some  cases  a  diluted  solution  of  nitric  acid 
(ten  drops  to  two  ounces  of  water),  used  in- 
side tlie  putrid  cavities,  will  destroy  the  ani- 
mal deposit.  Hydrochloric  acid  (fifteen  drops 
of  the  diluted  preparation  to  half  an  ounce 
of  water)  may  be  applied  to  the  incrusta- 
tions of  ta/rta/r.  This  is  done  by  dipping  a 
piece  of  match  or  splinter  of  wood,  prepared 
for  the  purpose,  in  the  solution,  and  then  rub- 
bing it  over  the  tartar  until  it  is  dissolved. 
It  is  better,  however,  to  let  the  dentist  attend 
to  this  also. 

:  .  When  the  teeth  and  mucous  membrane 
of  the  mouth  are  kept  ci<\a,n  by  these  means, 
the  offensive  odor  of  the  breath  will  disap- 
pear. 

In  all  cases  it  is  well  to  examine  carefully 
the  condition  of  the  patient's  health.  When 
there  is  loss  of  appetite  or  general  debility, 
fresh  air  and  nourishing  diet  must  be  pre- 
scribed. A  course  of  tonic  medicines  may 
also  be  found  necessary. 

Necrosis  of  the  Jaw  comes  more  within 
the  province  of  the  surgeon.    The  fetid  odor 


.'?■>■ 


NECROSIS  OF  THE  JAW. 


57 


connected  witli  it  is  of  small  consequence  in 
comparison  witli  the  pain  and  constitutional 
disturbance  attendant  upon  it.  It  may  re- 
sult from  decayed  teeth,  syphilis,  or  mineral 
poisons.  When  it  is  caused  by  dead  teeth, 
usually  but  a  small  portion  of  the  bone  is 
involved  in  the  morbid  process.  If  it  follow 
the  introduction  of  mineral  poisons  into  the 
circulation,  the  disease  is  far  more  extensive, 
and  may  destroy  the  whole  of  the  bone.  The 
necrosis  produced  by  phosphorus  is  located 
generally  in  the  lower  jaw. 

The  treatment  consists  in  removing  the 
dead  bone.  When  that  is  accomplished,  the 
fetor  will  disappear.  Should  circumstances 
delay  the  operation,  the  bad  odor  can  be  di- 
minished temporarily  by  applying  pure  nitric 
or  hydrochloric  acid  to  the  surface  of  dead 
bone.  This  cannot  be  accomplished,  how- 
ever, unless  the  bone  is  denuded  of  its  soft 
tissue,  and  then  other  deodorizers,  such  as  car- 
bolic acid,  creasote,  etc.,  must  be  resorted  to. 
'■:  Bad  breath  arising  from  putrid  inflamma- 
tion of  the  mouth  (stomacaGe)  is  a  peculiar 


ti 


m 


m 

I 

m 

.,1  i; 


m 


58 


THE  BREATH. 


i 


i 


isg;,;i  li 


and  comparatively  rare  affection.  It  usually 
commences  witli  congestion  of  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  buccal  cavity,  followed  by 
increased  secretion.  In  a  short  time  the 
gums  begin  to  svrell,  and  bleed  from  very 
slight  pressure.  Around  the  margins  .f  the 
ulcers  there  is  a  yellowish  exudation,  which 
is  thick  and  viscid,  and  not  easily  removed. 
The  odor  from  the  commencement  to  the 
termination  of  the  disease  is  extremely  offen- 
sive. It  can  be  recognized  at  some  distance 
from  the  patient.  If  the  affection  is  not  con- 
trolled by  proper  remedies,  the  cheeks  be- 
come involved  in  the  ulceration.  Mastica- 
tion and  deglutition  become  a  ery  difficult, 
and  the  life  of  the  patient  may  even  be  en- 
dangered. The  disease  is  said  by  some  to 
be  contagious.  It  is  often  met  with  in  chil- 
dren. The  treatment  is  simple  and  usually 
successful.  A  solution  of  chlorate  of  potash, 
used  repeatedly,  in  the  course  of  a  day  or 
two  stops  the  ulceration  and  removes  the 
fetor.  For  adults,  the  following  solution  is 
the  best: 


I  > 


SaORBUTIO  FETOR 


59 


^.     Potass8B  chloras.  :    ,.;  :         3  J. 

Syrup,  zingiber,  §  ss. 

Aquae,  |  iij. 

One  teaspoonful  in  water  every  three  hours. 


,  a 


The  mouth  may  be  washed  with  the  same 
preparation.  Half  the  quantity  of  the  adult 
dose  may  be  given  to  children. 

Scorbutic  Ulceration  of  the  Mouth  is  pre- 
ceded by  loss  of  flesh  and  strength.  When 
the  disease  is  fully  developed,  the  gums  be- 
come bluish-red,  swollen,  and  painful.  The 
tongue  is  coated  with  a  yellowish  exudation, 
and  there  is  some  increase  in  the  quantity  of 
saliva.  Small  extravasations  of  blood  appear 
under  the  mucous  membrane,  and  ulcers  make 
their  appearance,  which  bleed  on  slight  press- 
ure. In  all  these  cases  the  breath  is  fetid, 
but  the  fetor  is  not  so  penetrating  as  that 
arising  from  stomacace.    ' 

The  disease  requires  local  and  constitu- 
tional treatment.  The  local  treatment  con- 
sists m  the  application  of  astringent  washes 
to  the  mouth,  such  as  solutions  of  alum,  tan- 
nic  or  gallic  acid,  uva  ursi,  and  hydrastics. 


,1  f'-ii , 

i! 


■■'■:' 
■ ' 


,i 


■:iff.'! 


':iJi 


60 


THE  BREATH 


One  teaspoonful  of  powdered  alum  may  be 
added  to  four  ounces  of  water,  and  the  mouth 
washed  Ionq  or  six  times  each  day.  The  car- 
bolic-acid solution  also  is  good — it  corrects 
the  fetor.  The  constitutional  treatment  con- 
sists in  the  administration  of  lime-juice,  lemon- 
juice,  and  vegetable  acids.  The  diet  should 
be  made  up  mainly  of  fresh  vegetables,  such 
as  cabbage,  potatoes,  carrots,  beets,  etc.,  and 
a  moderate  amount  of  fresh  meat. 

Syphilitic  inflammation  and  ulceration  of 
the  mouth  and  fauces  are  always  accompanied 
by  a  bad  breath.  The  ulcers  rarely  occur 
without  signs  of  secondary  or  tertiary  syph- 
ilis being  present.  There  may  be  eruptions 
on  the  skin  or  periosteal  inflammations  at 
the  same  time.  The  ulcers  are  usually  cir- 
cular and  superficial.  They  are  covered  by  a 
thin  whitish  or  semi-transparent  coating,  and 
do  not  bleed  easily.  In  their  vicinity  small, 
hard  nodules  or  raised  patches  of  mucous 
condylomata  may  sometimes  be  seen,  or 
their  margins  may  be  indurated.  The  odor 
is  not  alone  due  to  the  secretion  from  the  sur- 


SYPHILITIC  FETOR. 


W 


face  of  tii( 


but  also  to 


chanj 


nicer,  out  also  to  some  ^ 

tlie  secretion  of  tlie  salivary  glands.  Per- 
haps tlie  change  is  effected  by  the  matter 
from  the  ulcer  acting  upon  the  salivary  in- 
gredients. • 

The  first  thing  to  be  done  in  these  cases 
is  to  cauterize  the  sores  thoroughly  with  ni- 
trate of  silver.  A  strong  solution  of  car- 
bolic acid  and  glycerine,  in  the  following 
proportions,  may  then  be  applied  over  the 
ulcer  and  the  whole  mucous  surface  with  a 
camel's-hair  brush. 


;^.     Acidi  carbolic, 
Glycerine, 
Aquae, 


3ss. 


(! 


I  I, 


d    ' 


It.' 


Twice  each  day  will  be  sufficient  to  make 
the  application.  The  hlack  and  yellow  wash 
(page  88)  is  often  employed.  Iodoform  is  an 
excellent  remedy.  The  ulcers  may  be  dusted 
with  the  powder  two  or  three  times  each 
day.  It  is  generally  combined  with  gly- 
cerine (one  drachm  of  iodoform  to  half  an 


(II 


M 


\ 


^  I 


62 


THE  BREATH. 


ounce  of  the  solvent),  and  applied  with  a 
brush.  Equal  parts  of  myrrh  and  cinnamon 
(one  teaspoonful  each),  added  to  a  wineglass 
of  water,  can  be  used  to  rinse  the  mouth 
when  the  odor  is  bad. 

The  constitutional  treatment  for  syphilis 
must  be  commenced  at  the  same  time  (see 
page  90),  and  continued  until  the  ulcers  are 
healed. 

"  B]pontaneou8  Stomatitis  "  is  said  to  occur 
suddenly,  without  any  appreciable  cause.  It 
is  ushered  in  with  soreness  in  the  tongue, 
gums,  and  teeth,  and  an  increase  in  the  flow 
of  saliva.  Two  or  three  days  afterward  there 
is  considerable  swelling  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane. The  whole  interior  of  the  mouth  is 
of  a  deep-red  color,  and  very  tender  on  press- 
ure. The  flow  of  saliva  becomes  very  great. 
It  runs  from  the  mouth  incessantly.  It 
is  fetid,  and  communicates  its  fetor  to  the 
breath.  In  some  cases  ulceration  of  the  mar- 
gins of  the  gums  takes  place,  but  this  is 
rare. 
;    This  disease  resembles  in  many  respects 


FETID  STOMATITIS. 


63 


the  stomatitis  excited  by  mercury.  The  diag- 
nosis is  made  by  inquiring  into  the  habits  of 
the  patient,  and  ascertaining  whether  mer- 
cury has  been  used  or  not. 

Treatment — ^The  mouth  should  be  washed 
with  warm  water  containing  a  few  drops  of 
laudanum  to  allay  the  soreness.  A  solution 
of  chlorate  of  potash  (ten  grains  to  the  ounce) 
may  be  subsequently  used  on  the  inflamed 
surface,  and  repeated  every  three  or  four 
hours ;  or  the  potash  may  be  combined  with 
glycerine  and  belladonna  {see  page  72). 
Chlorate  of  potash  is  also  useful  as  an  in- 
ternal remedy.  Ten  grains  three  times  each 
day  will  be  sufficient.       ,    ;, .    ;   ,,.  • ,  .i.j  ,      , 

Follicular  Stomatitis  occurs  at  all  ages. 
The  inflammation  commences  in  the  follicles 
of  the  mucous  membrane  on  the  inside  of 
the  lips,  near  their  lower  portion,  and  the 
sides  of  the  tongue.  Small  red  spots,  which 
are  firm  to  the  touch  and  painful,  first  ap- 
pear. Softening  of  the  membrane,  in  the 
centre  of  the  hard  mass,  then  takes  place, 
and  a  small  excavated  ulcer  results.     In  some 


j  I!. 


mi 


i 


64 


THE  BREATH. 


cases  tlie  disease  commences  by  a  vesicular 
eruption  (herpes).  Tlie  vesicles  heal,  and 
leave  small  superficial  ulcers.  Hot  liquids 
and  solid  food  taken  into  the  mouth  cause 
much  pain.  The  salivary  secretion  is  in- 
creased, and  the  breath  has  an  exceedingly 
disagreeable  odor.  This  odor  is  present  from 
the  commencement  until  the  termination  of 
the  disease.  ■,    ,*■-•?  >   •• 

As  follicular  stomatitis  often  depends  on 
general  debility,  tonics  are  always  indicated 
in  the  treatment.  Combinations  of  wild- 
cherry,  cinnamon,  and  cascarilla  barks,  are 
very  beneficial.  They  may  be  given  in  the 
form  of  an  infusion,  half  a  pint  of  each  mixed. 
A  wineglassful,  taken  before  each  meal,  will 
be  sufficient.  Tincture  of  gentian  and  calum- 
bo  (equal  parts),  given  in  teaspoonful  doses 
three  or  four  times  each  day,  may  also  be 
tried.  If  the  bowels  are  constipated,  mild 
cathartics  can  be  used.  Soothing  demulcent 
applications  are  required  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  inflammation.  Mucilage,  or 
sweet-oil,   containing    a  little  laudanum,   is 


]- 


FETID   OUMS. 


65 


i 


useful.  Glycerine,  witli  borax,  is  a  common 
remedy,  wliicli  brings  good  results.  When 
ulcers  form,  tliey  may  be  touclied  witli  ni- 
trate of  silver;  or  sulphate  of  copper,  or 
oxide  of  zinc,  may  be  sprinkled  over  them. 
The  preparation  of  iodoform  and  glycerine 
is  sometimes  needed. 

Oingivitis  is  an  inflammation  confined  to 
the  gums.  It  is  more  common  in  children 
than  adults.  The  gums  swell,  become  pain- 
ful, and  finally  ulcerate.  The  ulcerative 
process  is  confined  to  the  junction  of  the 
gums  with  the  teeth.  The  breath  is  intense- 
ly fetid  from  the  commencement  of  the  ul- 
ceration. If  the  disease  is  not  stopped  by 
appropriate  treatment,  the  teeth  may  loosen 
and  drop  out. 

A  strong  solution  of  nitric  or  hydrochlo- 
ric acid  (twenty  drops  to  half  an  ounce  of 
water)  may  be  applied  to  the  ulcers  and 
their  inflamed  margins  two  or  three  times 
in  twenty-four  hours;  or  the  ulcerated  sur- 
face may  be  cauterized  with  the  acid  nitrate 
of  mercury  or  silver.    Alum,  in  solution  or 


ii'iit'' 


Hi 


IL 


'H 


-I-  ,1 

i 


Si"! 


m 


I 


m 


THE  BREATH. 


powder,  is  also  used.  Clilorate  of  potash, 
employed  as  a  wash,  and  taken  internally, 
is  ones  of  the  best  remedies.  Tonics  should 
be  given  in  all  cases. 


i\ 


.1'. ''. 


;  CHAPTEK   V.     , 

CATARRHAL    ODORS. 

Clergyman's  Sore-Throat  (Follicular  Pharyngitis). — Peculiarities  of 
the  Inflammation. — Effects  of  Decomposing  Mucus  on  the 
Breath. — Complications. — Treatment. — Cancerous  Diseases  of 
the  Tongue  and  Pharynx. — Fetid  Odors  following  Diphtheritic 
Diseases  of  the  Throat,  etc. 

Clergyman's  sore-throat  is  a  chronic  in- 
flammatory affection  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  pharynx.  The  disease  is  lo- 
cated principally  in  the  follicular  pouches  of 
tho  membrane.  It  occurs  in  persons  who  are 
broken  down  from  overwork  and  sedentary 
habitg,  or  who  have  been  compelled  to  do  a 
great  deal  of  public  speaking.  In  its  ad- 
vanced stages  the  disease  is  always  accom- 
panied by  an  offensive  breath.  It  may  arise 
from  repeated  colds,  or  it  may  extend  from 
an  inflammation  of  the  lining  of  the  nose  or 
mouth.     Sometimes  the  injudicious  applica- 


I 


■  *  ■ 
•is 


■'  -li 


m 


% 


'ill 


68 


THE  BREATH. 


m 


HiitB 


iiiii  i 


tion  of  caustics  to  the  membrane  keeps  up 
and  increases  tlie  disorder.  At  first  there  is 
more  or  less  soreness  in  swallowing.  The 
voice  becomes  husky  when  singing  or  talk- 
ing, and  accordingly  the  act  of  speaking  is 
painful.  In  the  morning  the  patient  feels  as 
if  a  foreign  body  were  sticking  in  his  throat, 
and  he  endeavors  to  remove  it  by  "  hawking  " 
or  coughing.  This  sensation  is  caused  by 
the  thickened  mucus  which  collects  in  the 
follicles,  and  on  the  surface  of  the  mem- 
brane. After  a  time  these  follicles  remain 
filled  with  the  inspissated  secretion.  It  be- 
comes cheesy  in  consistency,  decomposes, 
and  gives  off  a  very  penetrating  fetid  odor 
that  is  communicated  to  the  breath,  and 
which  remains  as  long  as  the  disease  exists. 
It  takes  from  six  months  to  a  year  for  the 
disease  to  make  a  marked  change  in  the 
sweetness  of  the  breath;  occasionally  the 
breath  is  bad  from  the  beginning. 

On  examination  of  the  membrane,  it  will 
be  found  thickened,  congested,  and  dark  red 
in  appearancCc     The  blood-vessels  in  its  sub- 


I 


CATARRHAL   ODORS. 


69 


stance  are  dilated  and  varicose.  The  follicles 
are  choked  up  with  a  whitish  material  which 
can  be  picked  out  or  scraped  from  the  sur- 
face. It  is  from  this  substance  that  the  odor 
comes.  In  some  parts  the  epithelial  cover- 
ing which  gives  the  membrane  its  smooth 
appearance  is  destroyed,  and  a  rough,  granu- 
lar surface  is  seen,  resembling  the  conjuncti- 
va in  "  granular  conjunctivitisP  In  the  ma- 
jority of  cases  the  mucous  lining  of  the  pos- 
terior nares  will  be  found  involved  in  the 
morbid  action. 

The  cases  recorded  below  are  full  of  in- 
terest as  examples  of  the  usual  course  of  this 
disease : 

Case  I. — Martin  C,  aged  thirty ;  married. 
Patient  has  been  employed  in  a  large  rail- 
way-station, in  this  city,  for  some  years.  His 
work  consists  in  calling  the  stopping-places 
before  the  departure  of  each  train.  He  has 
been  in  the  habit  of  using  tobacco  to  excess 
for  some  years.  Two  years  ago  he  noticed 
that  his  voice  was  becoming  weaker,  and 
that,  when  leaving  work  in  the  evening,  he 


*  I' 

1 


I  r 


,  1    ,)  I 


i 


m 


■'is 


1 


m 


■I 


f!! 


70 


TEE  BREATH. 


was  extremely  hoarse.  A  soreness  followed 
tlie  hoarseness,  which  has  continued  with  but 
little  intermission  ever  since.  At  times 
there  is  a  sensation  in  the  throat  as  if  a  pin 
or  piece  of  bone  were  sticking  there.  In  the 
morning  it  takes  several  minutes'  hawking 
and  coughing  before  he  can  clear  his  throat. 
Sometimes  it  is  hard  to  swallow.  He  takes 
cold  very  easily,  and  every  fresh  attack  is 
accompanied  by  a  profuse  expectoration. 
There  is  also  a  free  discbarge  from  the  nasal 
passages.  His  breath  has  been  affected  for 
over  a  year.  He  did  not'  know  it  until  he 
observed  that  persons  turned  their  heads 
away  from  him  while  in  conversation. 

Upon  throwing  a  poT^erful  light  into  the 
pharynx,  I  found  that  the  whole  mucous 
lining  was  studded  over  with  grayish- white 
points,  and  between  them  the  membrane  was 
of  a  dark-red  color.  In  some  places  the  epi- 
thelium had  been  entirely  destroyed.  The 
tonsils  showed  similar  changes.  The  offen- 
siveness  of  the  patient's  breath  was  percep- 
tible at  the  distance  of  a  yard. 


till 


CATARRHAL   ODORS, 


11 


Case  II. — Mary  A.,  aged  twenty-two;  is 
occupied  as  a  school-teaclier  eight  hours  dur- 
ing the  day.  The  room  in  which  she  teaches 
is  very  close  and  warm.  Nine  months  ago 
she  noticed  a  tickling  sensation  in  the  throat, 
which  was  soon  followed  by  a  hacking 
cough.  The  cough  became  worse  toward 
the  close  of  school-hours.  The  voice  was 
clear  in  the  morning,  but  at  night  it  grew 
very  hoarse.  A  short  time  before  presenting 
herself  for  treatment,  she  expectorated  large 
quantities  of  yellowish  mucus,  which  con- 
tained small,  firm  masses  of  cheesy  matter, 
that  had  a  bad  odor.  .^-• 

On  examination,  I  found  the  pharyngeal 
mucous  membrane  of  a  deep-red  color  in 
some  places,  and  covered  with  whitish 
patches  in  others.  Her  breath  was  ex- 
tremely fetid,  yet  she  was  not  aware  of  it. 
The  mucus  scraped  from  the  surface  of  the 
membrane  emitted  a  pungent  fetor.  The 
lungs  were  normal. 

This  variety  of  sore-throat  is  difficult  to 
cure,  because  it  is  generally  neglected  until 


;    15 


'k'.i'. 


»51 


ill 


1 

lilii 

1 

InNIi 

i 

1 1    'S' 

ill 

If  pm 

i      ,.^;.  iiiiliii 

;. ' 

!!»!! ! 

72 


TEE  ERE  ATE. 


the  mucous  membrane  has  become  infiltrated 
with  the  products  of  inflammation.  But  re- 
lief can  always  be  afforded,  and  the  offensive- 
ness  of  the  breath  completely  destroyed. 
As  the  fetor  depends,  in  a  great  measure,  on 
the  decomposition  of  the  contents  of  the  fol- 
licles, these  must  be  emptied  and  kept  com- 
pletely free  from  the  abnormal  exudation. 
This  may  be  accomplished  by  means  of  gar- 
gles or  by  spraying  the  throat  with  various 
solutions.  The  instrument  for  vaporizing  the 
liquids  is  easily  obtained  at  any  drug-store. 

One  of  the  best  solutions  for  either  gar- 
gle or  spray  is  the  following: 


5. 


Potassae  chloras, 
Ext.  bellad., 
Glycerine, 
Aquae, 


3ss. 
l'3j. 

fT  *  ■  * 


M. 


To  be  applied  four  or  five  times  each  day.  The 
nose  may  be  washed  at  the  same  time  by  means  of 
a  syringe  or  with  the  spray-producer. 

Another  excellent  solution,  where  the  se- 
cretion from  the  throat  is  very  profuse,  is 
made  by  adding  one  teaspoonfal  of  the  tinct- 


GATARBEAL  ODORS. 


73 


ure  of  tlie  chloride  of  iron  and  one  of  gly- 
cerine to  barely  a  pint  of  water.  Tlie  appli- 
cation should  be  made  as  often  as  desired ; 
or  the  following  may  be  employed : 

!^.     Tinct.  myrrha),  ffss. 

Tinct.  hydrastus,  f  |  j. 

Aquae,  |  iv. 
M. 

The  mixture  to  be  well  shaken,  and  applied  as  before. 

When  the  fetor  is  considerable,  the  throat 
may  be  cleaned  first  with  a  strong  solution 
of  carbolic  acid  (ten  grains  to  an  ounce  of 
water).  A  weaker '  solution  may  afterward 
be  employed  exclusively,  with  decided  bene- 
fit. The  deodorizers  previously  mentioned 
are  also  useful.  When  the  secretion  is  puru- 
lent, a  solution  of  permanganate  of  potash, 
thirty  grains  to  ^yq  ounces  of  water,  will  be 
found  of  great  value.  It  is  to  be  used  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  other  preparations. 
If  the  mucous  membrane  be  much  thick- 
ened, and  the  epithelium  destroyed,  a  strong 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  (four  grains  to 
the  ounce)  should  be  applied  to  the  surface 


1 11 


I  'I!  ii- 


(     I 


m  ■ 


iiii 


74 


TEE  BREATH. 


iilii 


daily  for  a  couplfe  of  weeks,  and  then  be 
followed  by  the  preparation  of  chlorate  of 
potash  and  belladonna  previously  mentioned. 

These  local  applications  must  be  per- 
sisted in  for  a  long  time,  in  conjunction  with 
a  course  of  tonic  treatment.  Tonics,  fresh 
air,  and  exercise,  are  absolutely  necessary  to 
give  strength  to  the  system.  So  long  as 
there  is  debility  attendant  upon  the  catarrh, 
local  remedies  have  little  effect.     '  ^  :^  ^? 

The  use  of  tobacco  should  be  stopped,  as 
well  as  all  other  habits  injurious  to  the 
health.  -  -  '      ^    ^ 

If  the  disease  has  lasted  so  long  as  to 
prevent  a  cure,  the  constant  use  of  deodor- 
izers will  be  necessary  to  keep  the  breath  in 
a  good  condition.  ;  .  •  t* 

Syphilitic  ulceration  of  the  pharynx  must 
be  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  syphilitic 
ulcers  in  the  mouth  {see  page  61). 

Chronic  enlo/rgement  of  the  tonsils  is 
another  source  of  offensive  breath.  The  dis- 
ease is  apt  to  occur  in  young  persons  with 
the  scrofulous  diathesis.     It  often  arises  inde- 


iti 


CATARRHAL  ODORS. 


75 


pendently  of  neighboring  inflammation.  The 
offensive  odor  arises  from  accumulations  of 
inspissated  mucus  in  the  follicles  of  the 
gland,  and  its  subsequent  decomposition. 
The  odor  is  not  as  offensive  as  that  produced 
by  follicular  pharyngitis. 

The  treatment  consists  in  keeping  the 
tonsils  perfectly  clean  with  the  gargles  pre- 
viously mentioned.  If  the  tonsils  are  en- 
larged, they  may  be  painted  with  tincture  of 
iodine,  or  with  a  dry  solution  of  nitrate  of 
silver.  .  •- 


..  ,  DIPHTHEEITIO  ODOES. 

Diphtheria  and  diphtheritic  sore-throat 
have  an  offensive  breath  as  one  of  their  most 
prominent  symptoms.  Especially  is  this  true 
of  epidemic  diphtheria.  But  it  is  the  seque- 
lae of  these  diseases,  rather  than  the  diseases 
themselves,  that  are  under  present  considera- 
tion. When  true  diphtheria  disappears,  we 
find  that  the  patient  has  a  strong  predisposi- 
tion to  catch  cold  and  develop  a  sore-throat. 
Slight  exposure  suffices  to  inflame  the  mu- 


'^■" 


I  '''51 


76 


THE  BREATH. 


!  11 


cous  lining  of  the  fauces  and  pharynx,  and 
produce  an  offensive  breath.  As  soon  as  the 
secretion  of  mucus  increases,  as  a  result  of 
the  morbid  action,  there  is  present  a  well- 
marked  fetor,  not  so  pn^  ^ent,  however,  as 
that  occurring  in  the  original  disease.  In 
the  simple  forms  of  diphtheritic  sore-throat 
there  is  also  a  fetid  breath.  It  is,  however, 
more  easily  remedied  than  the  odor  of  true 
diphtheria.  The  thickened  mucous  secretion 
found  in  these  cases  is  very  thick  and  viscid, 
and  it  adheres  tenaciously  to  the  membrane. 
In  some  parts  it  is  collected  in  lumps,  which 
stick  like  glue  to  the  tissues  beneath.  It  is  this 
peculiar  secretion  which  occasions  the  fetor. 

As  general  debility  is  a  common  sequence 
of  diphtheritic  disease,  our  efforts  should  be 
directed  to  building  up  the  system  by  means 
of  tonics,  nourishing  diet,  etc.  In  addition, 
astringent  washes  should  be  applied  daily, 
such  as — 

!^.     Aluminis,  3j. 

Aquae,  .       ,    .  |  iij. 

M. 

Gargle  the  throat  three  times  each  day.    ' 


I 


DIPUTIIERITIO  FETOR. 


11 


The  muriated  tincture  of  iron  witli  gly- 
cerine, in  the  proportion  of  one  drachm  of 
iron  to  an  ounce  of  glycerine,  may  be  ap- 
plied to  the  inllamed  membrane,  with  a  cam- 
el's-hair  brush,  three  times  in  twenty-four 
hours.  A  nitric  or  muriatic  acid  solution 
(ten  drops  to  an  ounce  of  water)  applied 
with  a  spray-producer,  or  used  as  a  gargle, 
will  often  act  beneficially  in  restoring  the 
normal  secretions  and  diminishing  the  bad 
odor.  A  combination  of  carbolic  acid  and 
tincture  of  iodine,  in  the  following  propor- 
tions, is  recommended  by  Dr.  Beverly  Robin- 
son: 

'^.     Acidi  carbolic,  grs.  x. 

Tinct.  iodinii,  f  3  ij. 

Glycerine,  ^  j. 

These  preparations  may  be  applied  with  a  brush  or 
in  the  form  of  spray. 


i 
f  11 


11 


:*f 


CHAPTEE    VI. 

OATAKEHAL   ODORS    (cONTINUEd).   ^ 

Ozfcna  depending  upon  Syphilis,  Scrofula,  Necrosis,  and  Caries  of 
the  Nasal  Bones,  and  Herpes. — Character  of  Fetid  Odors. —  Bad 
Breath  from  Ulceration  of  the  Larynx  and  Trachea. — Putrid 
Bronchitis. — Bronchcctasis,  etc. — Treatment. 

The  nasal  mucous  membrane  is  subject  to 
a  variety  of  catarrhal  affections.  Some  are 
simple  in  tlieir  nature,  and  give  but  little 
inconvenience.  Others  are  characterized  by 
a  profuse  muco-purulent  discharge,  and  a  dis- 
gusting odor.  The  term  ozcena  is  applied  to 
the  latter  class  of  cases.  The  fetor  arising 
from  this  disease  is  more  offensive  than  any 
other.  According  to  French  authorities,  the 
odor  in  it  is  similar  to  that  arising  from  a 
crushed  bug.  On  this  account  they  designate 
the  patient  by  the  iQYiR  punais. 

Ozcena  depends  on  a  variety  of  causes, 
such   as    syphilis,   scrofula,  herpes,  foreign 


CATARRHAL   ODORS. 


79 


bodies  in  the  nasal  passages,  and  deatli  of  the 
nasal  bones.  The  worst  form  of  the  disease, 
however,  has  no  assignable  cause. 

'  In  syphilitic  ozaena  both  nostrils  are  gen- 
erally inflamed.  In  scrofulous  affections,  only 
one  nostril  is  involved.  The  discharge  at 
first  is  thin,  irritating,  and  not  very  profuse. 
If  allowed  to  remain  on  the  edges  of  the  nose 
and  lips,  it  causes  excoriation.  After  a  time 
the  discharge  is  mixed  with  blood  and  pus. 
The  odor  of  the  breath  is  extremely  offen- 
sive to  the  patient,  as  well  as  his  friends.  It 
sometimes  fills  the  apartment  in  which  he 
rests.      ■  ■ 

If  the  interior  of  the  nose  be  examined 
with  a  speculum,  some  portions  of  the  mu- 
cous lining  will  be  found  ulcerated,  and  the 
bottom  of  the  ulcers  covered  with  a  grayish- 
white  exudation.  The  remainder  of  the 
membrane  is  generally  much  tumefied,  exco- 
riated, and  of  a  dark-red  color.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  months  the  bones  become  involved, 
and  the  nose  is  consequently  depressed,  pro- 
ducing a  peculiar  deformity,  which  is  pathog- 


\  >i 


^;! 


]i  '■•  ■  ■■■• 


\m 


*M 


80 


TUB  JS HE  A  TIT. 


iiomonic  of  tlie  disease.  Other  signs  of  sec- 
ondary or  tertiary  sypliilis  are  usually  found 
in  different  parts  of  the  body,  which,  with  the 
history  of  the  patient,  lead  to  a  correct  diag- 
nosis. 

The  following  case  affords  a  good  illus- 
tration of  syphilitic  ozsena : 

Jane  C,  aged  thirty-six ;  occupation,  seam- 
stress. Contracted  syphilis  from  her  husband 
in  the  summer  of  18G8.  She  passed  through 
the  secondary  form  without  much  trouble. 
Six  months  afterward  she  noticed  that  her 
nose  was  uore,  and  that  small  scales  formed 
on  the  inner  surface.  There  was  also  a  dis- 
charge which  was  extremely  offensive,  and 
which  affected  her  breath  seriously.  She 
went  to  one  of  the  city  dispensaries  and 
had  it  washed  daily,  and  also  took  some 
tonic  medicine.  The  treatment  relieved  her 
temporarily.  During  the  winter  of  1872  the 
nose  again  commenced  to  smell  and  be  pain- 
ful. The  discharge  was  more  profuse,  and 
the  breath  more  offensive,  than  at  any  previ- 
ous time.     Small  pieces  of  bone  came  away 


I 


SYPHILITIG  FETOR. 


81 


in  the  discliarge-^  When  I  first  saw  her,  the 
discharge  was  of  a  dark  color,  and  the  odor 
of  her  breath  was  absolutely  unbearable. 
The  poor  creature  was  herself  conscious  of  its 
painful  character.  Her  nose  was  flattened 
near  the  upper  portion.  In  passing  my 
probe  into  the  nostril,  I  found  that  the  nasal 
bones,  or  what  was  left  of  them,  were  mov- 
able and  dead.  The  mucous  lining  was  de- 
stroyed in  several  places.  Her  general  health 
was  also  very  much  affected  by  the  disgusting 
odor,  the  discharge,  and  by  the  consciousness 
that  she  was  an  object  of  disgust  to  her  best 
friends.  As  she  had  no  means,  and  could 
not  be  cared  for  at  her  own  home,  I  sent  her 
to  the  hospital,  where  she  remained  four 
months,  and  was  finally  discharged  cured. 


SOEOFULOUS  OZiENA 

Usually  affects  but  one  nostril.  It  is  apt  to 
attack  young  females  who  are  broken  down  in 
health.  It  is  preceded  by  all  the  symptoms 
of  a  common  cold,  sucli  as  sneezing,  coughing, 
and  increased  secretion  from  the   eves  and 


pv 


82 


THE  BREATH. 


t  \ 


nose.  In  a  short  time  the  discharge  becomes 
offensive,  and  affects  the  breath.  It  is  sanious 
and  watery,  and  excoriates  the  integument. 
It  will  often  cease  for  several  days,  and  then 
return  with  increased  fetor.  The  fetor  is  not 
as  offensive  as  in  the  syphilitic  form  of  ozse- 
na.  An  examination  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane shows  that  it  is  swollen  and  corru- 
gated. In  some  places  there  are  fissures  and 
ulcers  from  which  a  sanious  fluid  exudes. 
Occasionally  the  disease  is  situated  so  far  up 
the  nostril  that  its  effects  on  the  membrane 
cannot  be  seen.  We  then  judge  of  the  con- 
dition by  the  character  of  the  discharge  and 
the  amount  of  fetor.  The  glands  of  the  neck 
are  sometimes  enlarged,  and  there  may  be  a 
deposit  of  tubercles  in  the  lungs. 

IDIOPATHIC  OZiEKA. 

The  worst  form  of  ozaBna  is  one  which 
commences  without  any  assignable  cause.  It 
usually  attacks  robust  individuals  who  are 
accustomed  to  the  use  and  abuse  of  alco- 
holic stimulants.    Young  children  are  also  li- 


FETOR  FROM  OZ.EXA. 


83 


able  to  it.    When  once  fully  developed,  it  may 
last  for  years,  resisting  all  attempts  at  cure. 

The  patient  at  the  beginning  of  the  dis- 
ease is  conscious  of  a  "stuffed"  feeling  in 
the  nose,  like  that  f'^^^'nlting  from  an  ordina- 
ry cold.  A  sligM  soreness  accompanies  the 
fullness.  In  a  few  days,  the  secretion  from 
the  mucous  surface  is  increased.  It  is  at 
first  clear  and  ropy,  but  afterward  becomes 
opaque  and  purulent.  During  tlie  night  the 
discharge  maj  pass  backward  into  the  phar- 
ynx and  down  into  the  stomach.  This  ];)ro- 
duces  nausea  and  vomiting.  The  breath  in 
affected  from  the  inception  of  the  disease  to 
its  termination.  The  odor  is  sometimes  so 
offensive  that  the  patient  is  made  sick  by  it. 
His  wretched  condition,  only  too  apparent  to 
his  senses,  causes  great  mental  depression, 
and,  unless  relief  is  applied  by  medical  treat- 
ment, he  may  become  completely  prostrated 
in  mind  and  body. 

The  affection  may  last  several  months  be- 
fore ulceration  of  the  mucous  lining  takes 
place.     Some  portions  of  the  mem]>rane  may 


1^ 


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84 


TJIE  BliEATir. 


be  tliickened  and  others  atrophied.  The  lat- 
ter condition  is  most  commonly  noticed  in 
the  later  stages.  The  ulcers  which  form 
are  superficial,  and  rarely  eat  deeply  into 
the  substance  of  the  membrane. 

HERPETIO  OZiE^-A 

Is  a  rare  form  of  the  disease.  It  may  co- 
exist with  an  eruption  of  herpes  upon 
the  cutaneous  surface.  The  affection  is  char- 
acterized in  its  early  stages  by  a  watery 
discharge  from  the  nostrils,  which  is  some- 
times tinged  with  blood.  There  is  con- 
siderable itching  at  the  end  of  the  nose. 
After  a  time,  small  hsemorrhagic  crusts  ap- 
pear in  the  discharge,  and  the  breath  be- 
comes affected.  The  odor  7s  not  so  disgust- 
ing as  that  occurring  in  syphilis  or  scrofula. 
Still  it  is  the  most  troublesome  feature  of  the 
disease. 

OZiENA   FROM  TOLYri  AKD  FOREIGN  BOr>IES. 

Poly])i  situated  in  the  ui)per  part  of  the 
nasal  cavities  may  excite  inflammation  of  the 


ii 


FETOR  FROM  FOREIGN  BODIES. 


85 


mucous  lining,  and  a  purulent  fetid  dis- 
charge. The  growth  of  the  polypus  is  ac- 
companied by  a  sensation  of  fullness  in 
the  nose,  and  difficulty  in  breathing  with 
the  mouth  closed.  An  examination  of  the 
nostrils  will  determine  the  location  of 
the  tumor.  A  cure  usually  follows  its  re- 
moval. 

Children  of  tender  years  frequently  insert 
peas,  beans,  and  foreign  substances  into  the 
nasal  cavities,  which  enlarge  by  the  absorp- 
tion of  moisture,  and,  by  an  increase  of  press- 
ure, cause  great  irritation.  Peas  and  beans 
have  been  known  to  sprout  in  the  nasal  cavi- 
ties after  having  remained  there  several 
days,  giving  rise  to  serious  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  and  spongy  bones. 
The  discharge  takes  place  generally  from  the 
nostril  in  which  the  foreign  body  is  located. 
With  the  commencement  of  the  inflammatory 
process  the  breath  becomes  more  or  less  fetid, 
and  continues  so  until  the  foreign  body  is 
removed. 


I 


?- *    ■ 

I 


86 


THE  BkEATIT. 


OZiENA  ARISING  FROM  DEAD  BONE 

Is  sometimes  the  result  of  injuries  whicli 
destroy  the  vitality  of  the  bone.  The  necro- 
sis may  also  be  due  to  scrofula  or  syphilis. 
A  diagnosis  is  easily  made  if  small  pieces  of 
bone  drop  out  of  the  nostrils,  or  by  pass- 
ing a  probe  up  to  the  dead  structure.  If  the 
bone  is  dead,  a  rough,  grating  sensation  will 
be  communicated  to  the  fino^ers. 

Cases,  however,  occur  in  which  the  soft 
parts  covering  the  bone  remain  intact  for  a 
long  time  after  necrosis  has  occurred.  This 
prevents  it  from  coming  away,  or  ft'om  being 
made  perceptible  with  a  probe.  In  such  pa- 
tients the  nose,  or  the  region  occupied  by  the 
nasal  bone,  will  often  be  swollen  and  pain- 
ful on  pressure.  The  pain,  too,  is  generally 
worse  during  the  night. 

As  the  worst  feature  of  all  varieties  of 
ozBBua  is  the  horrible  odor  of  the  breath,  our 
iirst  object  should  be  to  remove  it  and  dimin- 
ish  the  unhealthy  character  of  the  secretions. 
Een '^dies  for  this  purpose  are  applied  indis- 


\ 


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1 


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■t 


FETOR  OF  OZ^N^A. 


87 


criminately,  witliout  reference  to  the  causes 
of  tlie  disease.  The  constitutional  treatment, 
however,  is  directed  to  a  removal  of  the  cause, 
and  consequently  must  vary  in  each  case. 
Whether  a  complete  cure  is  possible  or  not, 
the  alteratives  and  disinfectants  rarely  fail  to 
remove  the  disgusting  features  of  the  disease. 

An  ordinary  glass  or  rubber  syringe,  a 
nasal  douche,  or  "  spray-producer,"  may  be 
employed  in  cleaning  the  nose,  or  applying 
medicinal  assents. 

The  nasal  cavities  should,  therefore,  first 
undergo  a  thorough  cleansing  with  warm 
water,  in  order  that  the  disinfectant  may  be 
applied  directly  to  the  dinr/iwed  surface.  If 
scabs,  ins{  -  d  mucus,  or  pus,  be  allowed 
to  remaiu  in  any  p  irt,  tlie  medicine  will  fail 
to  affect  ^^     •^v  ubr  me  underneath. 

TT  .ru  the  ^  process  is  complet^'d, 

the  nasal  douche  may  be  filled  with  a  strong 
solution  of  carbolic  acid  (eight  grains  to  the 
ounce  of  water),  and  a  steady  stream  of  it  al- 
lowed to  pass  through  the  nose  for  fifteen 
or  twenty  minutes.     If  the  disease  is  situated 


>?f  f 


is 


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88 


TBB  BREATH. 


at  the  upper  portion  of  the  Schneiderian 
membrane,  the  liquid  can  be  forced  up  by 
compressing  for  a  moment  the  nostril  oppo- 
site to  the  one  in  which  the  nozzle  of  the  na- 
sal douche  is  placed.  This  process  should  be 
repeated  at  least  four  times  the  first  day,  so  as 
to  clean  away  every  particle  of  bad-smelling 
material,  and  make  a  positive  change  in  the 
secretions  of  the  mucous  membrane.  Af- 
ter the  second  day,  the  operation  may  be 
repeated  twice  in  twenty -four  hours.  If 
there  is  ulceration  of  the  membrane,  nitrate 
of  silver  may  be  used  to  cauterize  the  parts 
before  any  disinfectant  is  employed.  A  solu- 
tion of  chlorinated  soda  is  a  very  good  sub- 
stitute for  the  carbolic  acid.  It  may  be  used 
in  the  proportion  of,one  tablespoonful  of  the 
solution  to  half  a  pint  of  water.  Either  the 
black  or  yellow  wash  may  answer  in  some 
cases,  but  their  disinfecting  power  is  infe- 
rior to  either  of  those  mentioned.  The  black- 
wash  is  made  by  adding  one  drachm  of  calo- 
mel to  a  pint  of  lime-water ;  the  yellow- wash 
by  adding  half  a  drachm  of  corrosive  sub- 


TREATMENT  OF  FETOR. 


89 


limate  to  one  pint  of  water.  These  mercuri- 
al washes  are  specially  applicable  to  patients 
sujffering  from  syphilitic  ozaena.  Oreaaote- 
ointment,  or  creasote  in  solution,  is  also  ad- 
vised. Powders  consisting  of  borax  and  su- 
gar,  or  of  chlorate  of  potassa,  may  be  blown 
up  the  nostril.  Warm  water,  obtained  from 
the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  is  recommended 
by  some  physicians  as  an  alterative  and  seda- 
tive to  the  ulcerated  mucous  membrane.  As 
sulphur- water  is  not  as  irritating  as  some  of 
the  other  medicaments  are,  it  may  be  applied 
to  the  nostrils  five  or  six  times  each  day. 
The  odor  of  sulphur,  however,  is  not  a  good 
substitute  for  the  fetor  of  ozaena ;  it  will  be 
well,  therefore,  to  follow  the  wash  by  one 
of  the  deodorizers  mentioned  at  page  55. 
The  combination  of  carbolic  acid  and  iodine 
will  sometimes  destroy  the  fetor  when  the 
carbolic  acid  alone  fails.  The  strength  of 
the  solution  may  be  increased  in  proportion 
to  the  intensity  of  the  odor.  Coffee  has 
latelv  been  introduced  to  the  notice  of  the 
profession  as  a  disinfectant.    If  the  beans  be 


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chewed,  tlie  breath  becomes  strongly  impreg- 
nated with  their  characteristic  odor.  In  ozae- 
na,  a  cold  infusion  of  coffee  may  be  injected 
into  the  nasal  cavities.  It  will  be  necessary, 
before  using  it,  to  strain  carefully,  in  order 
to  remove  the  small  particles  of  coffee  exist- 
ing in  the  liquid.  Carbolate  of  zinc  is  highly 
spoken  of  It  is  employed  in  solution  (five 
grains  to  an  ounce  of  water).  "V\Tiere  there 
is  much  excoriation  of  the  integument  at  th»^ 
borders  of  the  nostrils,  cold  cream,  "  glycer- 
ine-cream," or  sweet-oil,  may  be  applied  con- 
stantly,        v 

When  ozaena  arises  from  syphilis,  mer- 
cury and  iodide  of  potassium  must  be  em- 
ployed, in  conjunction  with  the  local  treat- 
ment. If  it  accompany  secondary  syphilis, 
one  grain  of  the  protoiodide  of  mercury  may 
be  administered  three  times  each  day  until 
the  gums  begin  to  feel  sore.  In  the  tertiary 
form  iodide  of  potassium,  in  from,  ^ve  to  ten 
grain  doses,  may  be  given  four  times  each 
day.     Tonics  are  also  necessary. 

When  scrofula  causes  the  ozsena,  the  pa- 


TREATMENT  OF  FETOR. 


1)1 


tieut  must  have  plenty  of  exercise  in  the 
open  air,  nourishing  diet,  and  tonics.  Cod- 
liver  oil  alone,  or  coniMned  with  jirepara- 
tions  of  iodine  or  bromine,  will  be  found  of 
special  benefit.  If  the  stomach  will  not  tol- 
erate the  oil,  fresh  cream  may  be  substituted. 
Among  the  best  tonics  used  in  scrofulous  and 
other  kinds  of  ozaona,  are  the  following : 


'mm 


:  ni 


^.     Tii   -t.  ferrimur.,   ,  ,  ffss. 

Quiu<*^  sulpha  is,  f3ss. 

Glycerine,  f  3  iv. 

Dose,  one  teaspoonfui  in  a  wineglass  of  water,  four 
times  each  day,  before  meals. 

^ .     Tinct.  sarsa;,  3  iij. 

Tinct.  guaiac,  3  ss. 

Tinct.  cinoh.  comp.,  |  iv. 

Dose,  one  teaspoonfui  five  times  each  day  before 
meHs,  Infusion  of  wild-cherry  bark,  and  infusion  f 
oateohu,  in  tablespoonful-doses,  are  also  of  benefit. 

The  idiopathic  form  of  ozaena  requires,  in 
many  cases,  the  same  tonic  treatment  and  lo- 
cal applications. 

Herpetic  ozaena  is  treated  at  first  by 
strong  alkaline  solutions,  such  as — 


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92 


THE  BREATH. 


!!$.    Liq.  potassse, 
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Aquae, 


f3ij. 
f3ij. 


These  preparations  should  be  applied  to 
the  membrane  in  the  manner  previously  de- 
scribed. When  the  nose  is  clear,  and  the 
scabs  cease  to  be  formed,  deodorizers  may  be 
applied. 

Ozsena  from  foreign  bodies  cannot  be 
cured  until  every  irritating  particle  is  re- 
moved. K  the  patient  is  seen  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  inflammation,  snuff,  or  other 
sternutatory,  may  be  introduced  into  the 
nostril  opposite  to  the  one  in  which  the  ob- 
struction is  lodged,  in  order  to  induce  sneez- 
ing. This  method  will  often  dislodge  the 
foreign  body,  and  force  it  out  of  the  nostril ; 
or  a  stream  of  water  may  be  thrown  into  the 
nostril  with  the  nasal  douche,  in  order  to 
wash  it  out.  When  these  simple  measures 
fail,  a  long  curved  polypus  forceps  may  be 
passed  up    carefully  to  the   foreign  body, 


TREATMENT  OF  FETOR. 


98 


closed  upon  it,  and  drawn  down.  Subse- 
quently the  inflamed  membrane  may  be 
treated  as  in  the  previous  cases. 

Ozaena  from  dead  bone  can  only  be  cured 
by  removing  the  irritating  material.  It 
may  be  reached  with  a  forceps  through  the 
nostril,  or  an  incision  may  be  made  un- 
der the  upper  lip,  behind  the  root  of  the 
nose,  and  carried  upward  until  the  dead 
bone  is  reached.  The  originator  of  this 
method  is  Dr.  Konge,  of  Lausanne,  Switzer- 
land. 


HALITOSIS  FROM  IJLOERATION  OF  LARYNX,  TRA- 
OHEA,  BRONCHIAL  TUBES.— BRONOHEEOTASIS. 


'■^'i 


tin 


i  ,f 


There  are  two  varieties  of  laryngeal  ul- 
ceration liable  to  affect  the  breath ;  these  are 
the  tubercular  and  syphilitic.  The  latter  is 
more  frequently  accompanied  by  fetor  than 
the  former. 

Syphilitic  ulceration  of  the  larynx  is  an 
accompaniment  of  either  secondaiy  or  ter- 
tiary syphilis.     It  is  usually  found  in  connec- 


94 


THE  BREATH. 


tion  with  inflammation  of  the  periosteal  cov- 
ering of  bones,  nocturnal  rheumatism,  gum- 
my tumors  in  various  parts,  and  other  signs 
of  tertiary  syphilis.  The  breath  becomes 
offensive  when  the  ulcers  are  fuUy  formed, 
rarely  before.  The  fetor  is  worst  in  the 
morning. 

In  the  tubercular  form  of  the  disease, 
there  will  be  a  history  of  long  -  continued 
cough,  expectoration  of  blood,  emaciation; 
and  there  will  be  signs  of  tubercular  deposit 
at  the  apices  of  the  lungs.  The  breath  is 
more  offensive  in  the  evening  if  hectic  fever 
is  present.  It  is  not  so  unbearable  as  that 
arising  from  syphUis. 

The  offensive  breath  from  syphilitic  ul- 
ceration may  be  controlled,  during  the  heal- 
ing of  the  ulcers,  by  the  inhalation  of  vari- 
ous disinfectants.  The  following  solution 
may  be  placed  in  a  large-mouthed  bottle, 
and  the  vapor  inhaled  for  two  or  three  min- 
utes at  a  time.  If  sufficient  vapor  does  not 
arise  from  the  heat  of  the  hands,  the  bottle 


FETOR   OF  SYPHILIS. 


95 


may  be  held  over  a  spirit-lamp  while  the  in- 
halation is  taking  place : 


^.     Tinct.  iodinii  comp., 

ff  ss. 

Aquae  ammonias, 

f3ij. 

Spts.  vini  recti£, 

fSJ- 

M. 

Shake  well  before  using. 

Another  method  of  inhalation  success- 
fully employed  is  to  cover  the  patient's  head 
with  a  cloth,  place  the  dish  with  the  solution 
under  it,  close  to  the  mouth,  and  then  insert 
into  the  liquid  a  hot  piece  of  iron  wire  to 
vaporize  it.  Dr.  John  A.  Kipley  uses  a  pa- 
per funnel  for  the  same  purpose.  The  small 
end  is  placed  in  the  patient's  mouth,  and  the 
broad  end  held  over  a  hot  shovel,  upon 
which  have  been  placed  sub.  sulphur  and 
mercury.  The  steam-atomizer  is  often  of 
great  service  in  these  cases.  A  solution  of 
carbolic  acid,  or  of  any  other  disinfectant,  is 
placed  in  the  chamber.  The  lighted  lamp  at 
the  bottom  in  a  few  minutes  generates  steam, 
and  an  extremely  fine  vapor  is  thrown  from 


%*! 


96 


THE  BREATH. 


the  moutli-piece.  The  inhalations  may  be 
repeated  five  or  six  times  each  day,  unless 
they  produce  too  much  irritation. 

For  the  relief  of  the  offensive  breath  in 
tubercular  ulceration,  any  of  the  deodorizers 
advised  in  the  second  chapter  will  be  found 
efficacious. 

Pui/rid  Bronchitis  is  a  rare  affection. 
We  know  very  little  concerning  its  origin. 
In  connection  with  all  the  ordinary  signs  of 
bronchitis,  the  breath  is  exceedingly  offen- 
sive,  and  the  matter  coughed  up  from  the 
bronchial  tubes  has  also  a  fetid  odor. 

This  disease  bears  some  relationship  to 
idiopathic  ozaona;  the  fetid  secretion  prob- 
ably  originates  in  a  similar  way  in  both 
diseases.  The  remedies  for  the  odor  are  the 
same  as  those  recommended  in  syphilitic  ul- 
ceration of  the  larynx. 

Bronchiectasis,  or  dilatation  of  the  bron- 
chial tubes,  is  sometimes  a  cause  of  fetid 
breath.  The  mucus  accumulates  in  the  cav- 
ity of  the  bronchus  until  it  decomposes. 
When  the  cavity  is  full,  the  foul  matter  is 


FETOB  OF  BRONCHITIS. 


97 


expectorated  in  large  quantities.  Perhaps 
once  in  twenty- four  hours  the  tubes  are 
evacuated  in  this  way. 

To  remove  the  fetor,  use  any  of  the  dis- 
infectants. 


i 


!    1 


OHAPTER   VII. 


FETID   ODOES  FROM  MINERAL  POISONS. 


Use  and  Abuse  of  Mercury. — Organs  which  eliminate  the  Drug. — 
Effects  on  the  Salivary  Glands. — Quantity  of  Drug  necessary  to 
produce  Salivation. — Mercurial  Fetor. — Remedies. — Bad  Breath 
from  Arsenic,  Lead,  Antimony,  Phosphorus,  etc. — Treatment. 

Many  years  ago  mercury  was  considered 
a  panacea  for  every  ill.  It  was  administered 
in  all  forms  of  disease.  Whether  the  patient 
had  fever,  a  chill,  pain  or  numbness,  wakeful- 
ness or  drowsiness,  or  whether  he  was  full- 
blooded  or  thin-blooded,  short,  tall,  stout,  or 
emaciated,  a  plebeian  or  aristocrat,  the  mer- 
cury was  given ;  and  it  was  not  considered  to 
have  fully  accomplished  its  work  until  the 
"  gums  were  touched."  In  those  days,  mercu- 
rial fetor  and  salivation  were  an  ordinary  oc- 
currence. Even  at  the  present  time,  cases  of 
poisoning  by  this  drug  are  not  rare. 


MERCURIAL  FETOR. 


99 


Mercury  is  prescribed  for  all  forms  of 
syphilitic  disease ;  for  sluggisliness  of  the 
liver,  and  constipation.  It  is  generally  car- 
ried out  of  the  system  through  the  kidneys. 
When  the  blood  is  overloaded  with  the  poi- 
son, these  organs  fail  to  eliminate  a  sufficient 
quantity.  The  liver,  salivary  glands,  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  alimentary  canal,  and 
perhaps  the  lungs,  then  assist  in  its  removal. 
The  salivary  glands  throw  off  the  largest 
amount.  A  large  quantity  of  liquid  is  se- 
creted by  them  in  order  to  retain  the  mer- 
cury in  a  solution,  and  we  have,  as  a  result, 
the  characteristic  salivation. 

Mercurial  fetor  may  be  produced  by  tak- 
ing one  grain  of  calomel  three  times  each 
day  for  four  or  five  days.  It  can  be  noticed 
when  the  soreness  of  the  gums  is  scarcely 
appreciable.  Blue  mass,  given  in  two-grain 
doses,  with  the  same  intervals,  will  affect  the 
breath  in  seven  days.  If  the  kidneys  are 
diseased,  a  much  less  time  is  necessary  to 
produce  fetor  and  salivation.    In  such  cases 


m-'ist'  i 


100 


Tim  BREATH. 


I  have  seen  a  cathartic  dose  of  calomel  cause 
salivation  in  twelve  hours. 

Mercurial  stomatitis  is  apt  to  occur  among 
persons  who  work  in  quicksilver-mines  or 
looking-glass  manufactories. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  disease  there  is 
noticed  a  disagreeble  metallic  taste  in  the 
mouth,  which  the  patient  likens  to  the  taste 
of  copper.  There  is  a  peculiar  feeling  of 
soreness  experienced  at  the  roots  of  the  teeth 
when  the  jaws  are  closed.  The  gums  are 
sore  to  the  touch.  A  disagreeable  fetor  is 
communicated  to  the  breath,  both  from  the 
mucous  membrane  and  the  saliva.  It  is  the 
most  disagreeable  feature  of  the  disease. 
Shortly  after,  the  saliva  flows  profusely.  A 
grayish  white  line  appears  around  the  edge 
of  the  gums.  The  gums  swell  and  may  ul- 
cerate. The  teeth  often  become  loose.  If  the 
disease  is  not  removed  by  proper  remedies, 
the  tongue  and  cheeks  become  involved,  and 
swell  up  so  that  eating  is  almost  impossible. 
This  condition  adds  an  element  of  danger  to 
the  case. 


TREATMENT  OF  FETOR. 


101 


Treatment. — If  the  patient  is  taking  mer- 
ctiiy  as  a  medicine,  it  should  be  stopped. 
Or  if  he  has  developed  the  disease  working 
in  quicksilver,  another  employment  must  be 
chosen.  The  mouth  should  be  washed  thor- 
oughly four  or  five  times  each  day  with  a 
strong  solution  of  chlorate  or  permanganate 
of  potash — the  chlorate  is  the  most  suitable. 
Glycerine  and  borax  may  also  be  used.  A 
teaspoonful  of  powdered  alum  in  a  wineglass 
of  water  is  a  good  application  when  the  flow 
of  saliva  is  very  great.  Half  a  teaspoonful 
of  tincture  of  opium  in  an  ounce  of  mucilage 
is  an  excellent  anodyne  if  the  soreness  is 
great.  Belladonna  may  be  substituted  for 
the  opium  if  desired.  Twenty  grains  of  tan- 
nic or  gallic  acid,  dissolved  in  an  ounce  of 
water,  may  also  be  used  to  diminish  the  se- 
cretions. If  these  various  washes  do  not 
destroy  the  disagreeable  odor  of  the  breath, 
any  of  the  deodorizing  liquids  or  pills,  previ- 
ously mentioned,  may  be  used. 

The  internal  remedies  for  chronic  mercu- 
rial poisoning  are  iodide  of  potassium  and 


III 


102 


THE  BREAin. 


clilorate  of  potash.  The  former  is  more  fre- 
quently used.  Either  the  iodide  or  chlorate 
may  be  given  in  five  or  ten  grain  doses,  four 
times  each  day.  The  iodide  of  potassium 
is  supposed  to  join  with  the  mercury  in  the 
blood  and  tissues  to  form  the  soluble  iodide 
of  mercury  which  is  eliminated  through  the 
salivary  glands  and  other  organs. 

ARSENICAL  SALIVATION 

May  result  from  a  long,  constant  use  of 
Fowler's  solution,  or  arsenious  acid,  or  from 
inhalations  of  microscopical  particles  of  ar- 
senic which  arise  from  the  green  surface  of 
room-paper  and  artificial  flowers.  The  sys- 
tem become?  saturated  with  the  drug,  and 
Nature  calls  upon  the  salivary  glands,  the 
skin,  and  other  organs,  to  carry  it  off. 

The  fetor  and  salivation  may  be  preceded 
by  a  disordered  condition  of  the  alimentary 
canal,  such  as  nausea  after  eating,  pain  in 
the  epigastrium,  and  diarrhoea.  The  skin 
presents  the  waxy  pallor  of  Bright's  disease. 


ARSENICAL  FETOP. 


loa 


Eruptions,  such  as  eczema,  also  occur,  and 
are  probably  due  to  tlie  attempt  of  Nature 
to  eliminate  the  poison  through  the  skin. 
Early  in  the  disease  the  breath  has  a  disa- 
greeable odor.  It  is  said  by  some  to  resem- 
ble the  garlicky  odor  obtained  by  burning 
arsenic.  The  fetor  is  increased  by  the  indi- 
gestion, which  is  always  an  accompaniment. 
The  salivation  is  not  so  profuse  as  in  mercu- 
rial poisoning.  Small  ulcers  may  fonn  at 
the  edges  of  the  gums,  and  on  the  mucous 
lining  of  the  cheeks  and  throat.  Where 
these  make  their  appearance,  the  fetid  odor 
is  increased. 

The  administration  of  preparations  of 
iron  is  advisable  in  all  cases.  As  a  direct 
antidote,  a  teaspoonful  of  the  hydrated  ses- 
quioxide  of  iron  may  be  given  every  three  or 
four  hours.  Muriated  tincture  of  iron  is  an 
excellent  remedy  in  twenty-drop  doses,  large- 
ly diluted,  every  four  hours ;  or  the  prepara- 
tion may  be  given  in  combination  with  qui- 
nine and  glycerine  (see  page  91).  When 
mixed  with  glycerine,  the  iron  is  also  useful 


li 
ii 


(i 


104 


THE  BREATH. 


as  a  local  application  to  the  inflamed  mucous 
membrane.  It  diminishes,  to  a  great  extent, 
the  fetid  odor.  Fresh  air  and  nourishing 
diet  are  necessary  auxiliaries  in  the  treat- 
ment. 

Half  a  teaspoonfal  of  cajeput-oil  added 
to  half  an  ounce  of  sweet-oil  is  a  good  de- 
odorizer to  use  in  arsenical  salivation.  A 
small  quantity  may  be  rubbed  over  the 
gums  and  inside  of  the  cheeks  with  the  fin- 
ger. The  application  may  be  made  every 
two  or  three  hours. 


LEAD. 

A  fetid  breath  from  lead-poisoning  is  a 
comparatively  common  occurrence.  It  mani- 
fests itself  generally  with  the  constipation 
which  is  one  of  the  first  effects  of  the  poison 
on  the  system. 

Chronic  poisoning  may  be  caused  by  using 
hair-dyes,  drinking  beer  or  water  which  flows 
through  lead  pipes,  constant  handling  of  the 
tin-foil  covering  chewing  -  tobacco,  manufac- 
turing   or  mixing  white-lead.    It  is  some- 


LEAD  FETOR, 


105 


times  produced  by  wearing  Brussels  lace,  the 
material  of  wLicli  owes  its  white  color  to 
carbonate  of  lead.  The  symptoms  which  fol- 
low the  fetor,  and  constipation,  are  intense 
colicky  pains  in  the  abdomen ;  retraction  of 
the  abdomen,  due  to  paralysis  of  the  recti 
muscles;  soreness  of  the  gums,  with  a  blue 
line  around  their  edge ;  increase  in  the  flow 
of  saliva,  and  "  thumb  drop  "  and  "  wrist  drop  " 
from  paralysis  of  the  extensor  muscles.  These 
symptoms  vary  in  intensity  with  the  amount 
of  the  poison  taken  into  the  system.  Some- 
times the  only  symptoms  manifested  are  the 
disagreeable  odor  to  the  breath,  blue  line 
around  the  gums,  and  constipation.  The 
existence  of  constipation  adds,  no  doubt, 
very  much  to  the  fetor.  The  bad  breath 
from  lead-poisoning  is  more  easily  removed 
than  that  produced  by  any  other  mineral. 
It  often  disappears  when  the  bowels  have 
been  completely  emptied  by  appropriate  ca- 
thartics. Two  or  three  drops  of  croton-oil, 
mixed  with  mucilage  or  sweet-oil,  is  a  com- 
mon  remedy   where   obstinate    constipation 


106 


THE  BREATH. 


exists.  The  dose  may  be  repeated  in  an 
hour  if  the  first  fails.  Elaterium  may  be  giv- 
en in  quarter-grain  doses,  repeated  at  inter- 
vals of  an  hour  until  free  evacuations  are 
produced.  Warm  water,  with  an  ounce  or 
two  of  castor-oil,  may  be  used  in  the  form 
of  an  enema  for  the  same. purpose. 

Iodide  of  potassium  is  considered  by 
many  the  best  eliminative.  It  joins  with 
the  lead  in  the  system  to  form  a  soluble 
iodide  of  lead,  which  is  carried  out  through 
the  different  evacuations.  Sulphuric  acid  is 
often  administered  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  paralyzed  limbs  may  be  healed  by  fric- 
tion, electricity,  and  cold  water. 

Any  of  the  disinfectants  mentioned  on 
page  55  may  be  employed  in  these  cases. 


ANTIMONY 

Produces  a  bad  breath  by  increasing  the 
waste  and  destructive  metamorphoses  of  tis- 
sue, and  by  disordering  the  functions  of  di- 
gestion.    When  it  has  been  taken  in  small 


ANTIMONIAL  FETOR. 


107 


doses  for  two  or  three  weeks,  the  strength  be- 
gins to  fail.  There  are  loss  of  appetite,  nau- 
sea, pain  in  the  abdomen,  and  looseness  of 
the  bowels.  The  pulse  becomes  very  small 
and  feeble.  As  soon  as  the  kidneys  and 
bowels  fail  to  get  rid  of  the  drug,  and  the 
detritus  of  nitrogenized  decay — the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  mouth  and  lungs — the  skin 
and  salivary  glands  both  fail  in  their  work, 
and  the  breath  is  made  fetid.  The  foul  odor 
is  sometimes  associated  with  a  metallic  taste 
in  the  mouth.  The  principal  medicine  em- 
ployed as  antidotes  to  antimony  are  the  vege- 
tal)le  astringents,  such  as  tannic  and  gallic 
acid,  and  strong  infusions  of  green  tea.  One 
teaspoonful  of  tannic  acid  may  be  added  to 
half  a  pint  of  water,  and  taken  in  repeated 
doses  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  hours. 
Green  tea  is  probably  the  best  remedy  in 
chronic  poisoning,  because,  in  addition  to  its 
antidotal  character,  it  acts  as  a  stimulant. 
Where  there  is  much  nausea,  mustard-plasters 
should  be  applied  over  the  epigastrium,  and 
iced  champagne   taken  continually.     Stirau- 


108 


TEE  BREATH. 


lants  and  tonics  are  always  necessary  to  sup- 
port tlie  strength  of  the  patient.  Any  of 
the  preparations  of  iron  and  quinine  may  be 
employed  with  benefit. 


i|  111 


PHOSPHOEUS. 

Chronic  poisoning  from  this  substance 
usually  occurs  among  the  employes  in  match- 
manufactories,  from  inhalation  of  phosphor- 
ous vapor.  Like  the  preceding,  it  usually 
manifests  itself  first  by  dyspeptic  symptoms, 
such  as  loss  of  appetite,  weight,  and  heat  in 
the  epigastrium  and  prostate.  The  breath  is 
affected  early  in  the  disease,  not  so  much  by 
the  drug,  as  it  is  carried  out  of  the  system, 
as  bv  the  failure  of  nutrition  and  conse- 
quent  increase  in  destructive  metamorphoses. 
When  necrosis  of  the  jaw  sets  in,  the  fetor 
becomes  unbearable. 

Tonics,  change  of  air,  and  exercise,  are 
necessary  to  restore  the  general  health.  The 
constant  use  of  disinfectants  will  be  neces- 
sary until  recovery  takes  place  {see  page  55). 


THE   END. 


f?'' 


LIST  OF  AUTHORS  AND  SUBJECTS  OF  THEIR  BOOKS, 


TO    BE    PUBLISHED    IN    THE 


International  Scientific  Series. 


I'! 


Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  M.  A.,  F.  L.  S., 
and  M.  Cooke,  M.  A.,  LL.  D.,  Fungi; 
their  Nature,  Influences,  and  Uses. 

Prof.  Oscar  Schmidt  (University  of  Stras- 
burg).  The  Theory  of  Descent  and 
Darwinism. 

Prof.  VoGEL  (Polytechnic  Academy  of  Ber- 
lin), The  Chemical  Effects  of  Light. 

Prof.  W.  KiNGDON  Clifford,  M.  A., 
The  First  Principles  of  the  Exact  Sci- 
ences explained  to  the  if  on-mathemati- 
cal. 

Prof.  T.  H.  Huxley,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
Bodily  Motion  and  Consciousness. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 

The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea. 
Prof.  William  Odling,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Old 
Chemistry  from  the  New  Stand-point. 

Prof.  Sheldon  Amos,  The  Science  of  Law. 

W.  Lauder  Lindsay,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E., 
Mind  in  the  Lower  A  nimals. 

Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart.,  F.  R.  S.,  The 
A  ntiqnity  of  Man. 

Prof.  ...  T.  Thiselton  Dyer,  B.  A., 
B.  S.  C,  Form  and  Habit  in  Flower- 
ing Plants. 

Prof.  Michael  Foster,  M.  D.,  Proto- 
plasm and  the  Cell  Theory. 

Prof.  W.  Stanley  Jevons,  The  Logic  of 
Statistics. 

Dr.  H.  Charlton Bastian,  M.D.,F.R.S., 

The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind. 
Prof.  A.  C.  Ramsay,  LL.  D.,   F.  R.  S., 

Earth    Sculpture;     Hills,      Valleys, 

Mountains,  Plains,    Rivers,    Lakes; 

how  they  were  Produced,   and  how 

they  have  been  Destroyed. 
Prof.  Rudolph  Virchow   (University  of 

Berlin),  Morbid  Physiological  Action. 
Prof.    Claude     Bernard     (College    of 

France),  Physical  and   Metaphysical 

Phenomena  of  Life. 

Prof.  A.  Q'jetrlet  (Brussels  Academy  of 
Sciences),  Social  Physics. 


Prof.  H.  Sainte-Claire  Devillb,  .<4»/«- 

troduction  to  General  C/temistry. 

Prof  WuRTZ,  Atoms  and  the  Atomic 
Theory. 

Prof  De  Quatrefages,  The  Negro 
Races. 

Prof  Lacaze-Duthiers,"  Zoology  since 
Ctivier. 

Prof.  Berthelot,  Chemical  Synthesis. 

Prof.  J.  Rosenthal,  General  Physiology 
of  Muscles  and  Nerves. 

Prof.  C.  A.  Young  (Dartmouth  College), 
The  Sun. 

Prof  James  D.  Dana,  M.  A.,  LL,  D.,  On 
Cephalizaiion  :  or.,  Head-Characters 
in  the  Gradation  and  Progress  of 
Life. 

Prof  S.  W.  Johnson,  M.  A.,  On  the  Nu- 
tritio7t  of  Plants. 

Prof  Austin  Flint,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  The  Ner- 
vous System  and  its  Relation  to  the 
Bodily  Functions. 

Prof  W.  D.  Whitney,  Modern  Linguis- 
tic Science. 

Prof.  Bernstein  (University  of  Halle), 
Physiology  of  the  Senses. 

Prof.  Ferdinand  Cohn  (University  of 
Breslau),  Thallotyphes  (Algae  Lichens 
Fungi). 

Prof.  Hermann  (University  of  Zurich), 
Respiration. 

Prof  Leuckart  (University  of  Leipsic), 
Outlines  of  A  nimal  Organization. 

Prof  Liebreich  (University  of  Berlin), 
Outlines  of  Toxicology. 

Prof    Kundt   (University  of  Strasburg), 

On  Sound. 
Prof  Lonmel   (University  of  Erlangen), 

Optics. 

Prof  Rees  (University  of  Erlangen),  On 
Parasitic  Plants. 

Prof  Steinthal  (University  of  Berlin), 
Outlines  of  the  Science  of  Language, 


m 


lli 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  ^*  International  Scientific  Series^ 


I. 


TyndalFs  Forms- of  Water. 


I  vol.,  i2ino.    Cloth.    Illustrated. 


Price,  $1.50. 


"  In  the  volume  now  published,  Professor  Tyndall  has  presented  a  noble  illustration 
of  the  acuteness  and  subtlety  of  his  intellectual  powers,  the  scope  and  insight  of  his 
scientific  vision,  his  singular  command  of  the  appropriate  language  of  exposition,  and 
the  peculiar  vivacity  and  grace  with  which  he  unfolds  the  results  of  intricate  scientific 
research."— iV:  Y.  Tribune. 

"  The  '  Forms  of  Water,'  by  Professor  Tyndall,  is  an  interesting  and  instructive 
little  volume,  admirably  printed  and  illustrated.  Prepared  expressly  for  this  series,  it 
is  in  some  measure  a  guarantee  of  the  excellence  of  the  volumes  that  will  follow,  and  an 
indication  that  the  publishers  will  spare  no  pains  to  include  in  the  series  the  freshest  in- 
vestigations of  the  best  scientific  minds."— Boston  Journal. 

"  This  series  is  admirably  commenced  by  this  little  volume  from  the  pen  of  Prof. 
Tyndall.  A  perfect  master  of  his  subject,  he  presents  in  a  style  easy  and  attractive  his 
methods  of  investigation,  and  the  results  obt.tined,  and  gives  to  the  reader  a  clear  con> 
ception  of  all  the  wondrous  transformations  to  which  v.-ater  is  subjected." — Churchman. 


II. 

Bagehot's  Physics  and  Politics. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.     Price,  $1.50. 

•*  If  the  '  International  Scientific  Seiies '  proceeds  as  it  has  begun,  it  will  more  than 
fulfil  the  promise  given  to  the  reading  public  in  its  prospectus.  The  first  volume,  by 
Professor  Tyndall,  was  a  model  of  lucid  and  attractive  scientific  exposition ;  and  now 
we  have  a  second,  by  Mr.  Walter  Bagehot,  which  is  not  only  very  lucid  and  charming, 
but  also  original  and  suggestive  in  the  highest  degree.  Nowhere  since  the  publication 
of  Sir  Henry  Maine's  '  Ancient  Law,'  have  we  seen  so  many  fruitful  tlioughts  sug- 
gested in  the  course  of  a  couple  of  hundred  pages.  .  .  .  To  do  justice  to  Mr.  Bage- 
hot's  fertile  book,  would  require  a  long  article.  With  the  best  of  intentions,  we  are 
conscious  of  having  given  but  a  sorry  account  of  it  in  these  brief  paragraphs.  But  we 
hope  we  have  said  enough  to  commend  it  to  the  attention  of  the  thoughtful  reader." — 
Prof.  John  Fiske,  in  the  A  tlantic  Monthly. 

"  Mr.  Bagehot's  style  is  clear  and  vigorous.  We  refrain  from  giving  a  fuller  ac- 
count of  these  suggestive  essays,  only  because  we  are  sure  that  our  readers  will  find  it 
worth  their  while  to  peruse  the  book  for  themselves ;  and  we  sincerely  hope  that  the 
forthcoming  parts  of  the  '  International  Scientific  Series '  will  be  as  interesting."— 
A  thenetttm. 

"  Mr.  Bagehot  discusses  an  immense  variety  of  topics  connected  with  the  progress 
of  societies  and  nations,  and  the  development  of  their  distinctive  peculiarities;  and  his 
book  shows  an  abundance  of  ingenious  and  original  thought." — Alfred  Russeh, 
Wallace,  in  Nature. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  ^''International  Scientific  Series" 


ific 


tive 
8,  it 
ian 
tin- 


Prof, 
ehia 
con- 
man. 


III. 

Foods. 

By  Dr.  EDWARD  SMITH. 
I  vol.,  i2mo.    Cloth.     Illustrated Price,  $1.75. 

In  making  up  The  International  Scientific  Series,  Dr.  Edward  Smith  was  se- 
lected as  the  ablest  man  in  England  to  treat  the  important  subject  of  Foods.  His  services 
were  secured  for  the  undertaking,  and  the  little  treatise  he  has  produced  shows  that  the 
choice  of  a  writer  on  this  subject  was  most  fortunate,  as  the  book  is  unquestionably  the 
clearest  and  best-digested  compend  of  the  Science  of  Foods  that  has  appeared  in  our 
language. 

"  The  book  contains  a  series  of  diagrams,  displaying  the  effects  of  sleep  and  meals 
on  pulsation  and  respiration,  and  of  various  kinds  of  food  on  respiration,  which,  as  the 
results  of  Dr.  Smith's  own  experiments,  possess  a  very  high  value.  We  have  not  far 
to  go  in  this  work  for  occasions  of  favorable  criticism  ;  they  occur  throughout,  but  are 
perhaps  most  apparent  in  those  parts  of  the  subject  with  which  Dr.  Smith's  name  is  es- 
pecially linked.  — London  Examiner. 

"  The  union  of  scientific  and  popular  treatment  in  the  composition  of  this  work  will 
afford  an  attraction  to  many  readers  who  would  have  been  indifferent  to  purely  theoreti- 
cat  details.  .  .  .  Still  his  work  abounds  in  information,  much  of  which  is  of  great  value, 
and  a  part  of  which  could  not  easily  be  obtained  from  other  sources.  Its  interest  is  de, 
cidedly  enhanced  for  students  who  demand  both  clearness  and  exactness  of  statement, 
by  the  profusion  of  well-executed  woodcuts,  diagrams,  and  tables,  which  accompany  th^ 
volume.  .  .  .  The  suggestions  of  the  author  on  the  use  of  tea  and  coffee,  and  of  the  va» 
rious  forms  of  alcohol,  although  perhaps  not  strictly  of  a  novel  character,  are  highly  in» 
structive,  and  form  an  interesting  portion  of  the  volume." — ^A^  Y.  Tribune, 


IV 


Body  and  Mind. 


N.Y. 


THE   THEORIES   OF  THEIR   RELATION. 

By  ALEXANDER    BAIN,   LL.  D. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.      Cloth Price,  $1.50. 

Professor  Bain  is  the  author  of  two  well-known  standard  works  upon  the  Science 

of  Mind— "The  Senses  and  the  Intellect,"  and  "The  Emotions  and  the  Will."     He  is 

one  of  the  highest  living  authorities  in  the  school  which  holds  that  there  can  be  no  sound 

or  valid  psychology  unless  the  mind  and  the  body  are  studied,  as  they  exist,  together. 

"  It  contains  a  forcible  statement  of  the  connection  between  mind  and  body,  study- 
ing  their  subtile  interworkings  by  the  light  of  the  most  recent  physiological  investiga- 
tions. The  summary  in  Chapter  V.,  of  the  investigations  of  Dr.  Lionel  Beale  of  the 
embodiment  of  the  mtellectual  functions  in  the  cerebral  system,  will  be  found  the 
freshest  and  most  interesting  part  of  his  book.  Prof.  Bain's  own  theory  of  the  connec- 
tion between  the  mental  and  the  bodily  part  in  man  is  stated  by  himself  to  be  as  follows : 
There  is  '  one  substance,  with  two  sets  of  properties,  two  sides,  the  physical  and  the 
mental— a  double-faced  unity'  While,  in  the  strongest  manner,  asserting  the  union 
of  mind  with  brain,  he  yet  denies  'the  association  of  union  /«//rtff,'  but  asserts  the 
union  of  close  succession  in  time,'  holding  that  'the  same  being  is,  by  alternate  fits,  un- 
der extended  and  under  unextended  consciousness."  ' — Christian  Register. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers;  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  "  International  Scientific  Series," 

V. 

The  Study  of  Sociology. 

By  HERBERT  SPENCER. 
I  vol.,  i2mo.     Cloth Price,  $1.50. 

"  The  philosopher  whose  distinguished  name  gives  weight  and  influence  to  this  vol- 
ume, has  given  in  its  pages  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  reasoning  in  all  its  forms 
and  departments.  There  is  a  fascination  in  his  array  of  facts,  incidents,  and  opinions, 
which  draws  on  the  reader  to  ascertain  his  conclusions.  The  coolness  and  calmness  of 
his  treatment  of  acknowledged  difficulties  and  grave  objections  to  his  theories  win  for 
him  a  close  attention  and  iiustained  effort,  on  the  part  of  tne  reader,  to  comprehend,  fol- 
low, grasp,  and  appropriate  his  principles.  This  book,  independently  of  its  bearing 
upon  sociology,  is  valuable  is  lucidly  showing  what  those  essential  characteristics  are 
which  entitle  any  arrangement  and  connection  of  facts  and  deductions  to  be  called  a 
science." — Episcopalian. 

"  This  work  compels  admiration  by  the  evidence  which  it  gives  of  immense  re- 
search, study,  and  observation,  and  is,  withal,  written  in  a  popular  and  very  pleasing 
style.     It  is  a  fascinating  work,  as  well  as  one  of  deep  practical  thought." — Bost.  Post. 

"  Herbert  Spencer  is  unquestionably  the  foremost  living  thinker  in  the  psychological 
and  sociological  fields,  and  this  volume  is  an  important  contribution  to  the  science  of 
w^hich  it  treats.  ...  It  will  prove  more  popular  than  any  of  its  author's  other  creations, 
for  it  is  more  plainly  addressed  to  the  people  and  has  a  more  pntctical  and  less  specu- 
lative cast.  It  will  require  thought,  but  it  is  well  worth  thinking  about." — Albany 
Evening  youmal, 

VI. 

The   New  Chemistry. 

By  JOSIAH  P.  COOKE,  Jr., 

Erving  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  Harvard  University. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.     Cloth Price,  $2.00. 

"  The  book  of  Prof.  Cooke  is  a  model  of  the  modem  popular  science  work.  It  has 
just  the  due  proportion  of  fact,  philosophy,  and  true  romance,  to  make  it  a  fascinating 
companion,  either  for  the  voyage  or  the  study." — Daily  Graphic. 

"  This  admirable  monograph,  by  the  distinguished  Erving  Professor  of  Chemi.stry 
in  Harvard  University,  is  the  first  American  contribution  to  'The  International  Scien- 
tific Series,'  and  a  more  attractive  piece  of  work  in  the  way  of  popular  exposition  upon 
a  difficult  subject  has  not  appeared  in  a  long  time.  It  not  only  well  sustains  the  char- 
acter of  the  volumes  with  which  it  is  associated,  but  its  reproduction  in  European  coun- 
tries will  be  an  honor  to  American  science." — New  York  Tribune. 

"  All  the  chemists  in  the  country  will  enjoy  its  perusal,  and  many  will  seize  upon  it 
as  a  thing  longed  for.  For,  to  those  advanced  students  who  have  kept  well  abreast  of 
the  chemical  tide,  it  offers  a  calm  philosophy.  To  those  oihers,  youngest  of  the  class, 
who  have  emerged  from  the  schools  since  new  methods  have  prevailed,  it  presents  a 
generalization,  drawing  to  its  use  all  the  data,  the  relations  of  which  the  newly-fledged 
fact-seeker  may  but  dimly  perceive  without  its  aid.  ...  To  the  old  chemists,  Prof. 
Cooke's  treatise  is  like  a  message  from  beyond  the  mountain.  They  have  heard  of 
changes  in  the  science;  the  clash  of  the  battle  of  old  and  new  theories  has  stirred  them 
from  afar.  The  tidings,  too,  had  come  that  the  old  had  given  way ;  and  little  more  than 
this  they  knew.  .  .  .  Prof  Cooke's' New  Chemistry' must  do  wide  service  in  bringing 
to  close  sight  the  little  known  and  the  longed  for.  ...  As  a  philosophy  it  is  elemen* 
tary,  but,  as  a  book  of  science,  ordinary  readers  will  find  it  sufficiently  advanced."— 
Utica  Morning  Herald. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


<• 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  ^^International  Scientific  Series." 


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^.Y. 


VII. 

The  Conservation  of  Energy. 

By  BALFOUR  STEWART,  LL.  D.,  F.  R,  S. 

With  an  Appendix  treating  of  the  Vital  and  Mental  Applications  of  the  Doctrine. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.     Cloth.    Price,  $1.50. 

"  The  author  has  succeeded  in  presenting  the  facts  in  a  clear  and  satisfactory  manner, 
using  simple  language  and  copious  illustration  in  the  presentation  of  facts  and  prin- 
ciples, confining  himself,  however,  to  the  physical  aspect  of  the  subject  In  the  Ap- 
pendix the  operation  of  the  principles  in  the  spheres  of  life  and  mind  is  supplied  by 
the  essays  of  Professors  Le  Conte  and  Bain." — Ohio  Farmer. 

"  Prof.  Stewart  is  one  of  the  best  known  teachers  in  Owens  College  in  Manchester. 

"  The  volume  of  The  International  Scientific  Series  now  before  us  is  an  ex- 
cellent  illustration  of  the  true  method  of  teaching,  and  will  well  compare  with  Prof. 
Tyndall's  charming  little  book  in  the  same  series  on  '  Forms  of  Water, '  with  illustra- 
tions enoueh  to  make  clear,  but  not  to  conceal  his  thoughts,  in  a  style  simple  and 
brief." — Cnristian  Register,  Boston. 

"  The  writer  has  wonderful  ability  to  compress  much  information  into  a  few  words. 
It  is  a  rich  treat  to  read  such  a  book  as  this,  when  there  is  so  much  beauty  and  force 
combined  with  such  simplicity. — Eastern  Press. 


VIII. 

Animal  Locomotion; 

Or,  WALKING,  SWIMMING,  AND  FLYING. 

With  a  Dissertation  on  Aeronautics. 

By  J.  BELL  PETTIGREW,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  F,  R.  S.  E., 

F.  R.  C.  P.  E. 


I  vol.,  i2mo. 


Price,  $1.75. 


"  This  work  is  more  than  a  contribution  to  the  stock  of  entertaining  knowledge, 
though,  if  it  only  pleased,  that  would  be  sufficient  excuse  for  its  publication.  But  Dr. 
Pettigrew  has  given  his  time  to  these  investigations  with  the  ultimate  purpose  of  solv- 
ing the  difficult  problem  of  Aeronautics.  To  this  he  devotes  the  last  fifty  pages  of  his 
book.  Dr.  Pettigrew  is  confident  that  man  will  yet  conquer  the  domain  of  tr .;  air." — 
N.  v.  Journal  of  Commerce. 

"  Most  persons  claim  to  know  how  to  walk,  but  few  could  explain  thf  mechanical 
principles  involved  in  this  most  ordinary  transaction,  and  will  be  surprised  that  the 
movements  of  bipeds  and  quadrupeds,  the  darting  and  rushing  motion  of  fish,  and  the 
erratic  flight  of  the'denizensof  the  air,  are  not  only  anologous,  but  can  be  reduced  to 
similar  formula.  The  work  is  profusely  illustrated,  and,  without  reference  to  the  theory 
it  is  designed  to  expound,  will  be  regarded  as  a  valuable  addition  to  natural  history. 
—Omaha  Republic. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y» 


opinions  of  the  Press  on  the  *'  International  Scientific  Series." 


I 


IX. 

Responsibility  in  Mental  Disease. 

By  HENRY  MAUDSLEY,  M.  D., 

Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians ;  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence 

in  University  College,  London. 

lvol.,i2mo.    Cloth Price,  $1.50. 

"  Having  lectured  in  a  medical  college  on  Mental  Disease,  this  book  has  been  a 
feast  to  us.  It  handles  a  great  subject  in  a  masterly  manner,  and,  in  our  judgment, 
the  positions  taken  by  the  author  are  correct  and  well  sustained.  In  his  second  chap* 
ter  he  has  well  marked  out  the  border-line  between  sanity  and  insanity,  speaks  of  the 
prophets  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  epileptic  nature  of  Mahomet's  visions,  crime  and 
msanity,  epileptic  insanity,  etc.  Here  we  can  bear  testimony  to  the  truth  of  his  re- 
marks from  professional  experience,  having  had  probably  more  epileptic  patients  than 
any  other  physician  of  our  day  to  treat." — Pastor  and  People. 

"  The  author  is  at  home  in  his  subject,  and  presents  his  views  in  an  almost  singu- 
larly clear  and  satisfactory  manner.  .  .  .  The  volume  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  one 
of  the  most  difficult,  and  at  the  same  tit.ie  one  of  the  most  important  subjects  of  inves- 
tigation at  the  present  day." — N.  Y.  Observer, 

"  It  is  a  work  profound  and  searching,  and  abounds  in  wisdom." — Pittsburg  Conu 
tnercial. 

"  Handles  the  important  topic  with  masterly  power,  and  its  suggestions  are  prac- 
tical and  of  great  value." — Providence  Press. 

"  Dr.  Maudsley's  book  appears  to  us  timely  and  valuable  as  bringing  within  the 
reach  of  every  person  the  facts  which,  to  the  multitude,  are  often  inaccessible." — 
Chicago  Tribune. 

"Dr.  Maudsley's  treatise  cannot  but  have  an  influence  on  the  jurisprudence  of  the 
future  with  respect  to  the  insane." — Buffalo  Courier, 

"  A  compact  presentation  of  those  facts  and  principles  which  require  to  be  taken 
into  account  in  estimating  human  responsibility." — Popular  Science  Monthly, 

"  The  International  Scientific  Series,  whose  merits  have  commanded  such 
a  prompt  and  extended  recognition  by  the  reading  and  thinking  public,  has  its  scope 
considerably  enlarged  by  the  publication  of  this,  its  U  test  volume.  The  treatise  of 
Prof  Maudsley  relates  to  a  subject  of  peculiar  interest,  and  which  to  every  one  has 
more  or  less  importance.  How  far  insanity,  whether  partial  or  entire,  affects  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  sufferer,  is  ably  argued,  the  importance  of  the  question  warranting 
the  length  of  the  treatise,  which  the  admirable  style  of  the  author  renders  of  constant 
interest  throughout."— 5of/^«  Post. 

"  The  author  has  evidently  devoted  much  study  to  his  theme,  which  he  discusses 
with  commendable  common-sense.  His  style  is  clear  and  his  essay  is  decidedly  inter- 
esting."— The  Cultivator  and  Country  Gentleman. 

"  The  style  is  clear  and  vigorous.  In  the  chapter  on  Law  and  Insanity  the  author 
commends  himself,  by  his  acute  criticisms  and  judicial  deliverances,  to  the  attention  of 
lawyers." — The  Christian  Era. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


>!,;i. 


*' A  rich  list  of  friiitfiU  topics'' 

Boston  Commonwealth. 


HEALTH  AND  EDUCATION, 

By  the  Rev.   CHARLES  KINGSLEY,   F.  L.  S.,   F.  G.  S., 

CANON  OF  WESTMINSTER. 

l2mo.    Cloth Price,  $1.75. 


"It  is  most  refreshing  to  meet  an  earnest  soul,  and  such,  preeminently,  is  Charles 
Kingsley,  and  he  has  shown  himself  such  in  every  thing  he  has  written,  from  '  Alton 
Locke '  and  '  Village  Sermons,'  a  quarter  of  a  century  since,  to  the  present  volume,  which 
is  no  exception.  Here  are  fifteen  Essays  and  Lectures,  excellent  and  interesting  in 
different  degrees,  but  all  exhibiting  the  author's  peculiar  characteristics  of  thought 
and  style,  and  some  of  them  blending  most  valuable  instruction  with  entertainment, 
as  few  living  writers  can." — Hartford  Post. 

"  That  the  title  of  this  book  is  not  expressive  of  its  actual  contents,  is  made  mani- 
fest by  a  mere  glance  at  its  pages ;  it  is,  in  fact,  a  collection  of  Essays  and  Lectures, 
written  and  delivered  upon  various  occasions  by  its  distinguished  author;  as  such  it 
cannot  be  otherwise  than  readable,  and  no  intelligent  mind  needs  to  be  assured  that 
Charles  Kingsley  is  fascinating,  whether  he  treats  of  Gothic  Architecture,  Natural 
History,  or  the  Education  of  Women.  The  lecture  on  Thrift,  which  was  intended  for 
the  women  of  England,  may  be  read  with  profit  and  pleasure  by  the  women  of 
everywh«re."— 5/.  Louis  Democrat. 

"  The  book  contains  exactly  what  every  one  needs  to  know,  and  in  a  form  which 
every  one  can  understand."— Boston  Journal, 

"  This  volume  no  doubt  contains  his  best  thoughts  on  all  the  qiost  important  topics 
of  the  day."— Detroit  Post. 

"  Nothing  could  be  better  or  more  entertaining  for  the  family  library." — Zion's 
Herald. 

"  For  the  style  alone,  and  for  the  vivid  pictures  frequently  presented,  this  latest 
production  of  Mr.  Kingsley  commends  itself  to  readers.  The  topics  treated  are 
mostly  practical,  but  the  manner  is  always  the  manner  of  a  master  in  composition. 
Whether  discussing  the  abstract  science  of  health,  the  subject  of  ventilation,  the 
education  of  the  different  classes  that  form  English  society,  natural  history,  geology, 
heroic  aspiration,  superstitious  fears,  or  personal  communication  with  Nature,  we 
find  the  same  freshness  of  treatment,  and  the  same  eloquence  and  affluence  of  language 
that  distingubh  the  productions  in  other  fields  of  this  gifted  author." — Boston  Gazette. 

I).  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


THE  GREAT  ICE  AGE, 

AND  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  THE  ANTIQUITY  OF  MAN, 

By  JAMES  GEIKIE,  F.  R.  S.  E. 

With  Maps,  Charts,  and  numepous  Illustrations. 

I  vol.,  thick  i2mo.    .    .    .    Price,  $2.50. 


OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Intelligent  general  readers,  as  well  as  students  of  geology,  will  find  more  infor- 
mation and  reasonable  speculation  concerning  the  great  glacial  epoch  of  our  globe  in 
this  volume  than  can  be  gathered  from  a  score  of  other  sources.  The  author  writes 
not  only  for  the  benefit  of  his  '  fellow-hammerers,'  but  also  for  non-specialists,  and 
any  one  gifted  with  curiosity  in  respect  to  the  natural  history  of  the  earth  will  be  de- 
lighted with  the  clear  statements  and  ample  illustrations  of  Mr.  Geikie's  '  Great  Ice 
Age.' " — Episcopal  Register. 

" '  The  Great  Ice  Age '  is  a  work  of  extraordinary  interest  and  value.  The  subject 
is  peculiarly  attractive  in  the  imn.ensity  of  its  scope,  and  exercises  a  fascination  over  the 
imagination  so  absorbing  that  it  can  scarcely  find  expression  in  words.  It  has  all  the 
charms  of  wonder-tales,  and  excites  scientific  and  unscientific  minds  alike." — Boston 
Gazette. 

"  Mr.  Geikie  has  succeeded  in  writing  one  of  ihe  most  charming  volumes  in  the 
library  of  popularized  science." — l/tica  Herald. 

"  We  cannot  too  heartily  commend  the  style  of  this  book,  which  is  scientific  and  yet 
popular,  and  yet  not  so  popular  as  to  dispense  with  the  necessity  of  the  reader's  putting 
his  mind  to  work  in  order  to  follow  out  the  author  in  his  forcible  yet  lucid  arguments. 
Nor  can  the  attentive  reader  fail  to  leave  the  work  with  the  same  enthusiasm  over  the 
subject  as  is  shown  in  every  page  by  the  talented  AUthot."^Portlancl  Press. 

"  Although  Mr.  Geikie's  position  in  the  scientific  world  is  such  as  to  indicate  that 
he  is  a  pretty  safe  teacher,  some  of  his  views  are  decidedly  original,  and  he  does  not 
make  a  point  of  sticking  to  the  beaten  ■^^'Ca."— Springfield  Union. 

"Prof.  Geikie's  book  is  one  that  may  well  engage  thoughtful  students  other  than 
geologists,  bearing  as  it  does  on  the  absorbing  question  of  the  unwritten  history  of  our 
race.  The  closing  chapter  of  his  work,  in  which,  reviewing  his  analytical  method,  he 
constructs  the  story  of  the  checkered  past  of  the  last  300,000  years,  can  scarcely  fail  to 
give  food  for  thought  even  to  the  indifferent,  "—.ffw^a A?  Cmtrier. 

"  Every  step  in  the  process  is  traced  with  admirable  perspicuity  and  fullness  by 
Mr.  Gcikic."— London  Saturday  Review. 

"It  offers  to  the  student  of  geology  by  far  the  completest  account  of  the  period  yet 
published,  and  is  characterized  throughout  by  refreshing  vigor  of  diction  and  originality 
of  thought."— GAw^tfw  Herald. 

J).  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


IXMJ 


PRINCIPLES 

OP 


MENTAL  PHYSIOLOGY, 

WITH 

Their  Applications  to  the  Tmining  and  Discipline  of  the  Mind,  and 
the  Study  of  its  Morbid  Cotuiitions. 

By  WILLIAM  CARPENTER,   M.  D.,  LL.D. 

I  vol.,  i2mo.    737  pages.    Price,  $3.00. 

"  Dr.  Carpenter  has  won  his  reputation  as  a  physiologist,  largely 
from  the  clearness  of  his  expositions,  and  the  present  work  shows  that 
his  capacity  in  this  respect  is  still  vigorous.  Its  most  scientific  parts 
are  attractive  reading,  and  the  extensive  array  of  personal  instances 
and  incidents,  which  illustrate  his  positions,  gives  great  fascination  to 
the  volume. 

"  It  is  a  hard  book  to  lay  down  when  once  etitered  upon,  and  Dr. 
Carpenter  may  be  congratulated  upon  having  contributed  so  fresh  a 
book  upon  such  an  impoi-tant  subject." — Popular  Science  Monthly. 

"  Is  a  profound  and  learned  work,  which  goes  to  the  very  bottom  of 
the  problems  of  Life  and  Eternity." — Boston  Commonwealth. 

"The  work  is  probably  the  ablest  exposition  of  the  subject  which 
has  been  given  to  the  world,  and  goes  far  to  establish  a  new  system  of 
mental  philosophy  upon  a  much  broader  and  more  substantial  basis 
than  it  has  heretofore  stood." — St.  Louis  Democrat. 

"The  work  is  a  revision  and  expansion  of  the  author's  well-known 
work  bearing  the  same  name,  published  over  twenty  years  ago,  and 
so  popular  as  to  reach  half  a  dozen  editions." — Cincinnati  Gazette. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


■-.T— !E-or— r 


THE  EXPANSE  OF  HEAVEN; 

A  Series  of  Essays  on  the  Wonders  of  the  Firmament. 

By  R.  A.   PROCTOR,   B.  A. 

■~  I  vol.,  i2mo.    Cloth Price,  $2.00. 

» 

**  It  is  Mr.  Proctor's  good  fortune  that  not  only  is  he  one  of  the  great- 
est of  living  astronomers,  but  that  he  has  a  power  of  imparting  knowl- 
edge that  is  not  equaled  by  any  living  astronomer.  His  style  is  as 
lucid  as  the  light  with  which  he  deals  so  largely,  and  the  plainest  of 
readers  can  go  along  with  him  with  entire  ease,  and  comprehend  all 
that  he  says  on  the  grandest  subject  ever  discussed  by  mortal  intelli- 
gence. Most  scientific  writers  either  cannot  or  will  not  so  use  the  pen 
as  to  make  themselves  understood  by  the  many;  not  so  with  Mr. 
Proctor :  he  both  can  and  does  so  write,  as  to  command  the  attentio  of" 
the  million,  and  this  too  without  in  the  least  derogating  from  the  real 
dignity  of  his  sublime  theme.  Few  of  us  can  study  astronomy,  because 
that  implies  a  concentrated  devotion  to  an  inexhaustible  matter,  but 
we  all  can  read  astronomical  works  to  our  great  advp  t..ge  if  astrono- 
mers who  write  will  but  write  plainly ;  and  in  that  './ay,  without  having 
the  slightest  claim  to  be  spoken  of  as  "scientists,"  we  can  acquire  no 
ordinary  amount  of  knowledge  concerning  things  that  are  of  the  loftiest 
nature,  and  the  eflFect  of  which  must  be  to  elevate  the  mind.  Such  a 
bock  as  •  The  Expanse  of  Heaven  '  cannot  fail  to  be  of  immense  use 
in  forwarding  the  work  of  education  even  when  it  is  read  only  for 
amusement,  so  forcible  is  the  impression  it  makes  on  the  mind  from 
the  importance  of  the  subjects  treated  of,  while  the  manner  of  treat- 
ment is  so  good." — Boston  Traveller. 

"Since  the  appearance  of  Ennis's  book  on  'The  Origin  of  the 
Stars,'  we  have  not  read  a  more  attractive  work  on  astronomy  than 
this.  It  is  learned  enough  to  be  instructive,  and  light  enough  to  be 
very  entertaining." — Alta  California. 

"  It  reads  lilce  a  work  of  fiction,  so  smooth  and  consecutive  is  it; 
but  it  inspires  the  worthiest  thoughts  and  the  highest  aspirations." — 
Boston  Commonwealth. 

"  Perfectly  adapted  to  their  purposes,  namely,  to  awaken  a  love  for 
science,  and  at  the  same  time  to  convey,  in  a  pleasant  manner,  some 
elementary  facts." — Church  Herald. 

"  This  is  not  a  technically  scientific  work,  but  an  expression  of  a 
true  scholar's  conception  of  the  vastness  and  grandeur  of  the  heavens. 
There  is  no  dry  detail,  but  blended  with  the  scholar's  discoveries  are 
the  poet's  thoughts,  and  a  true  recognition  of  the  Almighty's  power." 
— Troy  Times, 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


. 


A  thoughtful  and  valuable  contribution  to  the  best  religious  literature 

of  the  day. 


RELIGION  AND  SCIENCE. 


A  Seric,  of  Sunday  Lectures  on  the  Relation  of  Natural  and  Revealed 
Religion,  or  the  Truths  revealed  in  Nature  and  Scripture. 

By  JOSEPH    LE    CONTE, 

FBOFESSOB  Of  GEOLOGY  AND  NATUBAL  mSTOBT  IN  THE  irNrVBBSITT  OF  OALIFOBNIA. 

i2mo,  cloth.     Price,  $1-50. 

OPiyiOHS  OF  THE  pjtusa. 

"  This  work  is  chiefly  remarkable  as  a  conscientious  eflfort  to  reconcile 
the  revelations  of  Science  with  those  of  Scripture,  and  will  be  very  use- 
ful to  teachers  of  the  different  Sunday-schools."' — Detroit  Union, 

"It  will  be  seen,  by  this  rhumi  of  the  topics,  that  Prof.  Le  Conte 
grapples  with  some  of  the  gravest  questions  which  agitate  the  thinking 
world.  He  treats  of  them  all  with  dignity  and  fairness,  and  in  a  man- 
ner so  clear,  persut.sive,  and  eloquent,  as  to  engage  the  undivided  at- 
tention of  the  reader.  We  commend  the  book  cordially  to  the  regard 
of  all  who  are  interested  in  whatever  pertains  to  the  discussion  of  these 
grave  questions,  and  especially  to  those  who  desire  to  examine  closely 
the  strong  foundations  on  which  the  Christian  faith  is  reared." — Boston 
youmal. 

*' A  reverent  student  of  Nature  and  religion  is  the  best-qualified  man 
to  instruct  others  in  their  harmony.  The  author  at  first  intended  his 
work  for  a  Bible-class,  but,  as  it  grew  under  his  hands,  it  seemed  veil  to 
give  it  form  in  a  neat  volume.  The  lectures  are  from  a  decidedly  re- 
ligious standpoint,  and  ao  such  present  a  new  method  of  treatment." 
— Philadelphia  Age. 

'■'  This  volume  is  made  up  of  lectures  delivered  to  his  pupils,  and  is 
written  with  m'lch  clearness  of  thought  and  unusual  clearness  of  ex- 
pression, although  the  author's  English  is  not  always  above  reproach. 
It  is  partly  a  treatise  on  natural  theology  and  partly  a  defense  of  the 
Bible  against  the  assaults  of  modern  science.  In  the  latter  aspect  the 
author's  method  is  an  eminently  wise  one.  He  accepts  whatever  sci- 
ence has  proved,  and  he  also  accepts  the  divine  origin  of  the  Bible. 
Where  the  two  seem  to  conflict  he  prefers  to  await  the  reconciliation, 
which  is  inevitable  if  both  are  true,  rather  than  to  waste  time  and  words 
in  inventing  ingenious  and  doubtful  theories  to  forc_  them  into  seeming 
accord.  Both  as  a  theologian  and  a  man  of  science.  Prof.  Le  Conte's 
opinions  are  entitled  to  respectful  attention,  and  there  are  few  who  will 
not  recognize  his  book  as  a  thoughtful  and  valuable  contribution  to  the 
best  religious  literature  of  the  day." — New  York  World. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  549  &  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


■I 


DESCRIPTIVE    SOCIOLOGY. 


Mb.  Herbert  Spenoee  has  been  for  several  years  engaged,  with  the  aid  of 
three  educated  gentlemen  in  his  employ,  I:?  collecting  and  organizing  the  facts 
oonceraing  all  orders  of  human  societies,  which  must  constitute  the  data  of  a  true 
Social  Science.  He  tabulates  these  facts  so  as  conveniently  to  admit  of  ex- 
tenaive  comparison,  and  gives  the  authorities  separately.  He  divides  the  races 
of  mankind  into  three  great  groups :  the  savage  races,  the  existing  civilizations, 
and  the  extinct  civilizations,  and  to  each  he  devotes  a  series  of  works.  The 
first  installment, 

THE  SOCIOLOGICAL  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND, 

in  seven  continuous  tables,  folio,  with  seventy  pages  of  verifying  text,  is  now 
ready.  This  work  will  be  a  perfect  Cyclopaedia  of  the  facts  of  Social  Science, 
independent  of  all  theories,  and  will  be  invaluable  to  all  interested  in  social 
problems.    Price,  five  dollars.  ,  This  great  work  is  spoken  of  as  follows : 


From  the  British  Quarterly  Review. 

*'No  words  are  needed  to  indicate  the  immense  labor  here  bestowed,  or  the  gt eat 
sociological  benefit  wbich  sncb  am  iu  of  tabulated  matter  done  under  such  competent 
direction  will  confer.  The  work  wiil  constitute  an  epoch  in  the  science  of  comparative 
sociology." 

From  the  Saturday  Review.  "^ 

"  The  plan  of  the  '  Descriptive  Sociology '  is  new,  and  the  task  is  one  eminently  fitted 
to  be  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Herbert  Bpencer^s  flacnlty  of  scientific  organizing.  His  object  is 
to  examine  the  patural  laws  which  govern  the  development  of  Bocietied,  as  be  tiaa  ex- 
aiaised  in  formei  parts  of  hid  system  those  whicb  govern  the  development  of  individual 
life.  Now,  it  is  obvious  that  the  development  of  societies  can  be  studied  only  in  their 
bistoiy,  and  that  general  conclusions  which  shall  hold  good  beyond  tbe  limits  of  particu- 
lar Bocleties  cannot  be  safely  drawn  except  from  a  very  wide  range  of  facts.  Mr.  Spen- 
cer has  therefore  conceived  the  plan  of  making  a  preliminary  collection,  or  perhaps  we 
should  rather  say  abstract,  of  materials  v/hich  when  complete  will  be  a  classified  epi- 
tome of  nnive.  sal  history." 

JPYom  the  London  Examiner. 

"Of  the  treatment,  in  the  main,  we  cannot  epeak  too  highly;  and  we  mast  accept 
It  as  a  wonderfhlly  snccessflil  first  attempt  to  fnrnish  the  student  of  social  scleare  with 
data  standing  toward  his  conclusions  in  a  relation  like  that  in  which  accounts  O''  the 
structures  and  fi'uctions  of  different  types  of  animals  stand  to  the  conclaslo:;:i«  o<  Um 
biologist." 


\ 


<: 


GY. 


th  the  aid  of 
ling  the  facts 
data  of  a  true 
admit  of  ex- 
ides  the  races 
;  civilizations, 
works.     The 


ID, 

:  text,  is  now 
ocial  Science, 
ted  m  social 
Mows : 


d,  or  the  gteat 
ach  competent 
>f  comparative 


minently  fitted 
Bis  object  is 
I,  ae  be  has  ex- 
t  of  individual 
id  only  in  tbeir 
aits  of  partica- 
:t8.  Mr.  Spen- 
}r  perhaps  we 
clasBifled  epi- 


3  mast  accept 
il  Bcienre  with 
ccoun»»  c>'  the 
la8ln:n«  o<  Um 


<: 


